Contributions to the Life-history of Tetraclinis articu- 
lata, Masters, with some Notes on the Phylogeny 
of the Cupressoideae and Callitro'ideae. 
BY 
W. T. SAXTON, M.A., F.L.S., 
Professor of Botany at the Ahmedabad Institute of Science , India. 
With Plates XLIV-XLVI and nine Figures in the Text. 
Introduction. 
T HE Gum Sandarach tree of Morocco and Algeria has been well known 
to botanists from very early times. Some account of it is given by 
Hooker and Ball (20), who speak of the beauty and durability of the wood, 
and state that they consider the tree to be probably correctly identified 
with the 9viov of the Odyssey (v. bo), 1 and with the 6vlov and Ov'ca of Theo- 
phrastus (‘ Hist. PH v. 3, 7), 1 as well as, undoubtedly, with the Citrus wood 
of the Romans. The largest trees met with by them, growing in an un- 
cultivated state, were about 30 feet high. The resin, known as sandarach, 
is stated to be collected by the Moors and exported to Europe, where it is 
used as a varnish. They quote Shaw (49 a and b) as having described and 
figured the tree under the name of Thuja articulata , in his ‘Travels in 
Barbary ’ ; this statement, however, is not accurate. In both editions of the 
work cited the plant is figured and described as ‘ Cupressus fructu quadri- 
valvi, foliis Equiseti instar articulatis 
Some interesting particulars of the use of the timber are given by 
Hansen (19), who also implies that the embryo has from three to six 
cotyledons. 
Both Hooker and Ball, and Hansen, followed by almost all others who 
have studied the plant, speak of it as Callitris quadrivalvis . 
Masters (31) first distinguished it generically in 1893, on account of the 
well-marked differences which it presents, in the external characters of the 
foliage and branches, from all the species of Callitris. The name Tetraclinis 
1 The two references quoted have been corrected from those given by Hooker and Ball, which 
are inaccurate in both cases. 
[Annals of Botany, Vol. XXVII. No. CVIII. October, 1913.] 
