35 ° 
Tokedo . — Some Points in the Anatomy of 
the outer wall of the epidermal cell of the young leaf, in the latter of 
which are deposited minute granules of calcium oxalate. 
The Stoma. Stomata are present on both surfaces of the leaf, and are 
situated in parallel rows, and in general are longitudinally orientated , as in 
most of the Conifers (Fig. 4). In the cotyledon they are arranged rather 
irregularly, and are orientated sometimes obliquely, but in rare cases even 
transversely (Text-fig. 1). I have also noticed in the cotyledon an immature 
stage of a ‘ twin-stoma * (Text-fig. 2). 
In the adult leaf the subsidiary cells are much shorter than the sur- 
rounding epidermal cells and lie over the guard cells, so that very little of the 
latter is visible in surface view (Figs. 3, 4). In the three-week-old cotyledon 
Text-fig. i. Transversely orientated stomata from cotyledon, x 285. 
Text-fig. 2. Immature stage of ‘ twin stomata ’ from cotyledon, x 285. 
and in the six-month-old leaf the subsidiary cells are scarcely shorter 
than the surrounding epidermal cells, and are only inclined towards the 
stoma (Fig. 5). 
The guard cells are of the usual type of somewhat kidney shape 
(Fig. 2). In the median transverse section the outer ridge shows itself 
relatively prominent, and the inner ridge is wanting, as in Ephedra (Fig. 3). 
The dorsal wall is very much thickened, except at the base. The thickening 
on both the dorsal and ventral side of the guard cell is due, not to cutiniza- 
tion, but to lignification, as in Gnetum , Ephedra , Cycads, and Psilotaceae. 
At the end portion of the stoma, where the guard cells meet each other, the 
wall is also lignified (Fig. 2). The structure of the guard cell of the 
