Stipules in the Stellatae , with special reference to Galium. 20 r 
although they are always green and not scarious, thus differing from the 
scale-like stipules at the lower nodes in Galium paradoxum , Maxim. In 
one of the co-type specimens of A. asterocephala , which was distributed 
under J. Bornmiiller, Iter Persico-turcicum, No. 1337, the writer found at 
the third node from the base a stipule having two midribs, while its general 
appearance is very similar, except for size, to the true leaves at the same 
node (Fig. 13). So far as has been seen, the occurrence of stipules of this 
nature seems to be rare in this species. 
As another instance, Galium leiophyllum , Boiss. et Hohenack., 1 in which 
the writer found a stipule of a double nature, may be briefly described 
below. This plant is of moderate size 2 and bears five, or more often six 
‘ leaves ’ to a node. In one of the specimens distributed under J. Bornmiiller, 
Iter Persicum alterum, No. 7105, 3 the writer found below the middle region 
of a stem (about the fifth node from the base) a whorl consisting of two true 
leaves and two stipules, one of the latter being furnished with two midribs 
(Fig. 21). The node immediately above and that below this whorl bear 
five ‘ leaves ’ each, and all the nodes in the higher region of the same stem 
are six-membered. 
The writer also found in a specimen of Galium saxatile , Linn., which 
he collected himself in England in 1915, a stipule with two midribs. It 
occurred in a four-membered whorl which was preceded by a five-membered 
whorl, and succeeded by a six-membered one (Fig. 12). 
Further cases of the occurrence of stipules of a double nature in four- 
membered whorls have been found in Asperula arvensis , Linn. (Fig. 19), 
A. sherardioides (Boiss.), Jaub. et Spach. (Fig. 20), and A. aspera (M. Bieb.), 
Boiss., to each of which further allusion will be made later on. 
It may, therefore, be not unreasonable to conclude from the instances 
above referred to, that in certain species of Galium and some other members 
of the Stellatae, such as those which were investigated by Goebel and by 
Franke, each stipule in a four-membered whorl arises from a single pri- 
mordium, while in some species such as G. gracile , G. paradoxum , 
G. leiophyllum , and G. Cruciata , and the three species of Aspemda above 
referred to, stipules are occasionally produced as the result of a coalescence 
of two primordia. The first case is regarded as a congenital concrescence, 4 
while the second is a true concrescence, and at the same time points towards 
the production of more than two stipules at a node. 
In regard to the whorl with five members, mention has already been 
made above of the result of the investigation carried out by Eichler, 5 who 
found in Galium Mollugo that two stipular primordia on one side of a node 
1 Boissier, Diagnoses, vol. i. 3 (1843) p. 36 ; Ejusd. FI. Orient., vol. iii. (1875), p. 51. 
2 3° - 45 cm. i n height. 
3 This specimen is to be referred to var. subvelutinum : Boiss., 1. c. 
4 Goebel, 11 . cc. - 5 1 . c\, p. 32, Taf. i, Fig. 15. 
