202 Takeda. — Some Points in the Morphology of the 
fuse, and thus give rise to a single stipule, while each of the two stipular 
primordia on the other side of the same node develops into a separate 
organ. 
Franke , 1 on the other hand, states that in this case the solitary stipule 
on one side of the node is produced from a primordium which is homologous 
with a stipular primordium of the four-membered whorl, while the paired 
stipules on the other side of the node arise from a common arc -like pro- 
tuberance, which is from the beginning distinguishable by shape and 
insertion. The latter phenomenon is, however, not to be considered as 
a fission in the proper sense. In other words, each of the three stipules in 
the five-membered whorl arises from a single primordium, and there is no 
evidence of a true concrescence of two stipular primordia giving rise to 
a single organ. 
So far as the writer’s own observations go, stipules of a double nature 
are very rarely met with in five-membered whorls. The only plant in 
which such an occurrence has been found is Asperula aspera (M. Bieb.), Boiss. 
(Fig, 22). This case, however, gives sufficient evidence for the conclusion that 
stipules are occasionally produced also in five-membered whorls as the result 
of a true concrescence of two primordia. A further reference to this plant 
will be made later on with regard to the distribution of double stipules. 
As to the case in which more than six members occur in a whorl, it is 
regarded that in addition to the two true leaves there are more than two 
stipules on one or both sides of the stem. Eichler 2 found in Galium 
Mollngo that a new tissue arises between the original two stipular primordia 
and produces an independent organ resembling the other stipules. If this 
phenomenon takes place on one side only of a stem, there would be five 
stipules produced. If, however, a new tissue between two primordia occurs 
on both sides of the stem, there would be six stipules formed, thus making 
the whorl eight -membered at a node. 
Franke 3 has confirmed Eichler’s observations, and states that he found 
in Asperula odorata and A. azurea a new primordium arising between two 
stipular primordia on one or both sides of the node, the former being 
distinguishable from the latter by its smaller size. 
Neither of these investigators has examined any whorl with more than 
eight members, although there are certain species of Galium , such as 
G . verum , Linn , and of some other genera, e. g. Asperula odorata , Linn., 
which often bear more than eight, and, particularly in the former plant, 
up to twelve, foliar members (i. e. two true leaves and ten stipules) at a node. 
Unfortunately, the writer’s own observations on these pleiomerous 
whorls in herbarium material cannot throw any light upon the subject. 
It may, however, be presumed that there arise as many primordia as there 
2 1. c., p. 32, Taf. i, Figs. 1 6, 17. 
3 i. c. , p. 51, Taf. i, Figs. 7, 8. 
1 1. c., p. 50. 
