68 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 
form, while several others either differ more or less from the recent 
representatives of the species, or are at present not fully identified. 
The stratum in which the tapir skull is found contains fresh-water 
and land mollusks. Of these about 28 species have been recognized, 
all of which apparently are identical with existing species. Of 
plants in this stratum, one species, an oak, has been found, and is 
regarded as identical with the modern Quercus laurifolia Michx., or 
water oak. From the overlying stratum, No. 3 of the section, 27 
plant species have been obtained. Among these is found one ex- 
tinct species, and 5 others that at the present time do not extend 
their range into Florida. 
The vertebrate fossils associated with the tapir in this stratum 
are numerous in species and include representatives of diverse 
groups, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 
The lists of species of this deposit have been given in papers pre- 
viously published. According to the studies of Dr. O. P. Hay, the 
turtles include a considerable number of extinct species. Of birds, 
two species are recorded from this horizon, both of which appar- 
ently represent extinct species. Of the mammals obtained from 
this horizon about seventy-five per cent are extinct. 
A fauna containing so large a percentage of extinct vertebrate 
species found lying above a marine invertebrate fauna containing 
so high a percentage of recent species is a matter of considerable 
geologic interest. The more so since the associated land and fresh- 
water mollusks are, so far as known, identical with modern forms. 
From this record, it appears that a vertebrate fauna largely extinct 
may be expected in the Pleistocene in association with or later than 
some invertebrate faunas containing largely recent species. In this 
association of extinct vertebrate species with existing invertebrates, 
however, it is well to note that the Vero locality does not stand 
alone. A similar association of largely extinct vertebrates with 
existing land invertebrates is found in the cavern deposits at Ocala, 
Florida. The vertebrates from this latter locality were listed in 
8th Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey, p. 103, 1916, 
although to the list there given several species may now be added. 
The invertebrates, which have been identified through the kindness 
of Dr. Paul Bartsch, include 6 species, all of which are in existence 
