GOOSANDER. 
239 
ber. Of their particular place, and manner of breeding*, 
we have no account. Mr Pennant observes, that they 
continue the whole year in the Orkneys ; and have been 
shot in the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland, 
in summer. They are also found in Iceland and Green- 
land, and are said to breed there ; some asserting that 
they build on trees ; others, that they make their nests 
among the rocks. 
The male of this species is twenty-six inches in length, 
and three feet three inches in extent; the bill, three inches 
long, and nearly one inch thick at the base, serrated 
on both mandibles ; the upper overhanging at the tip, 
where each is furnished with a large nail ; the ridge of 
the bill is black ; the sides, crimson red ; irides, red ; 
head, crested, tumid, and of a black colour glossed with 
green, which extends nearly half way down the neck, 
the rest of which, with the breast and belly, are white, 
tinged with a delicate yellowish cream; back, and 
adjoining scapulars, black ; primaries, and shoulder of 
the wing, brownish black ; exterior part of the scapulars, 
lesser coverts, and tertials, white ; secondaries, neatly 
edged with black ; greater coverts, white ; their upper 
halves, black, forming a bar on the wing; rest of the 
upper parts, and tail, brownish ash; legs and feet, the 
colour of red sealing wax ; flanks, marked with fine 
semicircular dotted lines of deep brown ; the tail extends 
about three inches beyond the wings. 
This description was taken from a full plumaged 
male. The young males, which are generally much 
more numerous than the old ones, so exactly resemble 
the females in their plumage for at least the first, and 
part of the second year, as scarcely to be distinguished 
from them ; and, what is somewhat singular, the crests 
of these and of the females are actually longer than 
those of the full grown male, though thinner towards 
its extremities. These circumstances have induced 
some late ornithologists to consider them as two 
different species, the young, or female, having been 
called the dun diver. By this arrangement, they have 
entirely deprived the goosander of his female; for, in 
