SPECIES OF BIRDS. 
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the crown flat, but the marking of colour the same. 
The same is the case with the eastern ; hut this is much 
smaller than the immediately preceding, and has a more 
slender bill and more highly arched crown. It lives 
in the countries extending from Egypt to Bucharia. 
The last species to be mentioned is the Pyrgita arcuata> 
from the Cape of Good Hope, which in marking 
resembles the immediately preceding ; but, in the male, 
there is a distinct white stripe under the eye. It is 
true, there are varieties of these species : thus, in 
Southern Germany there occur, although but rarely, 
male house sparrows, in which the head is entirely 
brown ; and in Egypt individuals occur which approach 
in coloured delineation to ours. But these circumstan- 
ces do not, in the opinion of Brehm, invalidate his 
distinction of these species, as he states his firm convic- 
tion that the individuals of his different species do not 
breed together. Temminck says, that the Pyrgita 
cisalpina and domestica do not pair together ; and 
Brehm has proved the same to be the case with 
two of the German species, viz. Pyrgita domestica 
and pagorum. Brehm makes out another species, 
w’hich he names Pyrgita septentrionalis , that extends 
from Kiel to Copenhagen, and probably much farther 
northward. It has a flat crowm, and short bill and 
head. A species occurs at Trieste of the same size, 
with a short bill and high crow n. Two species breed at 
Benthendorf, the one has rather a flat crown, but with 
longer feet and bill than the northern ; the other has 
the crow n much elevated, extended bill, and short tail. 
This is Brehm’s Pyrgita montana , the other his Pyr- 
gita campestris . 
It is also worthy of notice, that the species differ 
according to their place of residence or locality. Thus, 
Brehm says he has convinced himself, that birds 
inhabiting cone forests, as those wdiere pines prevail, 
differ from those residing in forests of broad leafed trees, 
as oak, lime, &c. This observation he has made with 
the Emberiza citrinella , or yellow-hammer, Fringilla 
ccelebs , or chaffinch, Fringilla linota , or linnet, Sylvia 
