Of TREES. SHRUBS. PLANTS. FLOWERS, and FRUITS 
never omitting to have collections of fruit trees, which 
are particularly valuable in their annual productions, 
both for the fervice of a family and public fupply, 
and may be admitted both in kitchen gardens, in Hand- 
ards, wall trees and efpaliers, and in ltandards, in or¬ 
chards, pleafure grounds, hedge-rows, &c. 
As this divifion confifts of Trees, Shrubs, and 
Under-Shrubs, and of deciduous and ever-green 
kinds, their principal difference is—that a tree is ge¬ 
nerally confidered as differing from a fhrub, princi¬ 
pally in being of larger growth, and rifing with a 
Angle upright Item or trunk to a confiderable height 
before it divides into arms or large branches, growing 
fifteen or twenty, to fifty, fixty, or an hundred feet 
high.—A fhrub either rifes with feveral Items imme¬ 
diately from or near the root, or the main Item divides 
low into feveral fmaller ones, and is every way of 
lefs growth and dimenfions than a tree ; and that the 
general growth of the various different fpecies of 
fhrubs is from two or three, to five, ten, or fifteen 
feet high—and the difference between a fhrub and an 
under-lhrubby plant is, a full or perfect fhrub af- 
fumes a more woody, large, firm growth, next to a 
tree; the under-fhrubs are of lower, more weak, and in¬ 
firm growth, rifing with fmaller, more foft ftems, fome- 
what between a woody and herbaceous nature, grow¬ 
ing from fix or eight inches, to one, two, or three feet 
high, as in thyme, fage, hyffop, winter-favory, fouth- 
ern-wood, and feveral forts of heath; and fome are of 
trailing growth, as periwinkle, &c. 
In the general growth of trees, fhrubs and under- 
Ihrubs, all the tree kinds are confequently of upright, 
ftrong, firm growth; the fhrubs alfo, in the greater part, 
are upright; fome are of declining and trailing growth, 
others are climbers, and the fame of the under-fhrubs; 
all of which being explained under their refpeCtive 
genera and fpecibs, as they occur, in the courfe of the 
following work. 
Trees and fhrubs differ from herbaceous plants, by 
having woody ftrong ftems of long duration; the her¬ 
baceous tribe rifing with foft, fucculent, flender ftems, 
moftly annual, or but of one fummer’s growth, rifing 
in the fpring, and in the greater part perifh in autumn 
or winter following; but trees and fhrubs are durable 
in Item and branches. 
And as to the diftinCtion between deciduous and 
ever-green trees and fhrubs; the deciduous kinds are 
fuch as expand their leaves only in fummer, from 
April or May till October, then decay and fall from 
the trees, &c. in that month, or wholly, early in No¬ 
vember, remaining defoliated or Icaflefs all winter 
and until May aforefaid; and the ever-green trees and 
fhrubs continue in green leaves all tne year, as in 
holly, &c. the old leaves continuing till difplaced by 
young ones in the fpring. 
All or mod of the different fpecies and varieties be¬ 
longing to this fyltem of hardy trees and fhrubs, arc 
raifed and cultivated in the numerous nurfery grounds 
in the different parts of the kingdom, for pub¬ 
lic fupply, in furnifhing the various plantations in 
noblemens and gentlemens gardens and ellates, and of 
others, as may occafionally be required; and rnoft of 
the principal forts may be occafionally raifed in pri¬ 
vate nurferies to afiift in fupplying the aforefaid 
plantations, as numerous forts may be propagated and 
raifed abundantly from feed, berries, nuts, Ss c. fovved 
in the natural ground; many by fuckers, layers. Cut¬ 
tings, flips, &c. the whole, when, according to their 
nature and dimenfions of growth, they are from one, two 
or three, to five or ten feet high, are of eligible fize 
for final tranfplanting for the different occafions for 
which they may be defigned; or fome tree kinds may 
occafionally be traniplanted when of more advanced 
growth, of from ten or twelve to fifteen feet high, or 
more; efpecially deciduous kinds, when required to 
form any confpicuous plantation as expeditious as pof- 
fible, or for immediate fhade, fhelter, &c. in parti¬ 
cular compartments; or alfo, for which occafions, fotne 
deciduous trees, as elm, lime, poplar, &c. admit of 
tranfplanting when of eighteen or twenty feet high, 
removing them with a full expanfion of roots, or more 
fuccefsfully when convenient, to remove them with 
fome ball of earth thereto. 
However, for general planting of trees, thofe of five 
or fix to eight or ten feet are in the greater part mofl 
eligible for good fuccefs, as young trees fooner flrike 
good root to grow freely, and eftablifh themfelves ef¬ 
fectually, than thofe removed of larger growth; and 
thofe defigned for foreft or timber trees particularly, 
it is of advantage to tranfplant them finally where they 
are to remain, while they are of young growth, of 
from one, two, or three, to five or fix feet high, that 
they may root effectually from the beginning; and ir> 
many of the ever-green tree kinds, as pines, firs, ce¬ 
dars, &c. they are always confiderably the moit fuc- 
cefsful when finally tranfplanted while young, of two 
or three, to four, five, or fix feet, in which they gene¬ 
rally acquire a more free growth, advancing expediti* 
oufly in a ftraight lofty ftature, and fo of various other 
forts; and as to the fhrub and under-fhrubby kinds in 
general, they, according to their fmaller or larger 
growth, may be planted of from one foot, or half that 
fize, to two, three, or four, to five or ten feet; always.' 
in the plantations, difpofing the lower plants toward*' 
the front, and the larger more or lefs backward. 
The general feafon for planting, is either autumn or 
fpring ; or the more hardy kinds, may be occafionally 
planted any time in open weather, from October or 
November, till March or April, more efpecially the 
deciduous tribe; though in a dry or light foil, it is- of 
advantage to plant early in autumn, at the decay of 
the leaf, in OCtobcr and November, and they will 
quickly 
