Of TREES, SHRUBS, PLANTS, FLOWERS, avd FRUITS'. 
being generally drong growers, are principally to graft 
or bud upon for full llandards, and other trees of large 
growth, and upon Quince (locks, to form fmaller trees, 
or of moderate growth, for principal wall-trees and 
efpaliers, and to bear fooner; and Apples, railed prin¬ 
cipally by grafting, are grafted upon feedling-(locks, 
railed from the kernels of any fort of Apples or Crabs, 
which, being of a free growth, are proper for common 
large trees, and upon Codlin and Paradife flocks, to 
have fmaller and dwarf-trees, and that they may fooner 
commence bearers; and in all of which, both Pears 
and Apples, when the trees, after being grafted or 
budded, have formed heads of one, two, or three, to 
four or five years growth, they are proper for final 
planting in the places intended, and will begin bear¬ 
ing, fome at three, four, or five years old, others 
longer before they attain that (late, efpecially Pears; 
and all of which, by grafting and budding, produce 
fruit the fame as that of the parent trees of the re- 
fpeflive varieties from which the grafts and buds were 
obtained; hence comes the utility of grafting, &c. 
for although the trees may be railed from feed, i. e. 
the kernels of the fruit, and by which all the fine va¬ 
rieties were fird accidentally obtained, it is long be¬ 
fore they commence bearers; and even then, though 
raifed from feed of the fined Pears and Apples, they 
feldom produce the fame kind of fruit in return, but 
vary to other forts, and probably not one tree in 
twenty give fruit inheriting any definable property; 
but when any new varieties of good fruit from the 
feedling-trees occur, they being propagated by graft¬ 
ing or budding them on proper docks, as above de- 
feribed, they are multiplied aud continued invariably 
the fame; as is the cafe with all or mod other defira- 
ble varieties of fruits; and the trees fo raifed, always 
bear fome years fooner than feedling-plants. 
But, for immediate planting, the trees may be had, 
ready raifed, at the public nurferies, in full collec¬ 
tion, or as rci tired, in different varieties, of two or 
three years old, or more, or that are advanced to a 
bearing date, to produce fruit the fird year, ar.d may 
be planted any time in open weather, from Oftober 
till the end of March: the dandards planted twenty to 
thirty, or fixty feet afunder, and the efpaiier and wall- 
trees fifteen to eighteen or twenty feet didance. 
All the varieties of Pears and Apples, in the 
different orders of training, bear their fruit upon 
fmall, natural fpurs, or curfons, being fhort, thick, 
flioots, of about half an inch, to one or two inches 
long, arifing on the fides and ends of the general 
branches, commencing when of three or four, to five 
or fix years old, feldom fooner in Pears; or fometimes 
in thefe trees, are eight or ten years before they begin 
to form tolerable bearers, efpecially thofe grafted on 
crab or free docks; but when on Quince docks they 
often bear in half the time; as alio Apples, which. 
181 
grafted on Codlin and Paradife docks, often com¬ 
mence bearing in two or three years; and in all of 
which, the fame branches and fruit-f|>urs continue ma¬ 
ny years fruitful, and, according as the branches en- 
creafe in length, they multiply in the number of 
fruit-fpurs, continued quite to the extremities, and 
often formed at the termination thereof, if permitted 
to extend in their full growth; and, according as the 
trees encreafe in age confiderably, they bear mcdly 
towards the upper and extreme parts of the fmaller 
branches; though, in the wall and efpaiier-trees, by 
proper pruning ar.d training, to cut cut naked and bar¬ 
ren, old wood, having young, advancing (hoots to 
fupply the place, they are continued fruitful the whole 
length of the branches; and it (hould therefore be re¬ 
membered, in performing the occafional or neceffary 
pruning, that the branches and (hoots of thefe trees 
mud not be (hortened, but permitted to extend always 
fully in dandards, alfo in efpaiier and wall-trees, as 
far as room admits. 
As Pear and Apple Trees furnilh many different va¬ 
rieties of their refpeftive fruits, mod valuable, ufeful 
and profitable, both for eating in their natural date, 
and for many principal culinary purpofes, in baking, 
boiling, &c. occafionally, great part of the year; 
and for making cyder and perry, the trees merit cul¬ 
ture more abundantly than mod others of the eatable 
fruit-bearing tribe, as being not only fuperior in their 
productions for domeftic occafions, but alfo very pro¬ 
fitable to cultivate in confiderable plantations, in gar¬ 
dens, orchards, parks, fields. Sec. for public fupply in 
the markets and other occafions, as may be required, 
or convenient. 
It is therefore advifeable to admit plenty of thefe 
trees, according to the extent of room which the re- 
fpeCtive gardens and orchards, and other grounds 
wherein they are intended afford ; generally allot a 
larger portion, in dandards, to produce the principal 
fupplies of fruit for general ufe, both for domedic 
occafions and public confumption, where required ; 
and have alfo a collection of the principal or mod cf- 
teemed varieties, in efpaliers, to obtain the fruit in 
greater perfection ; likewife to have fome fined forts 
of Pears in wall-trees, for the fame advantage as in 
the efpaliers, in a fuperior degree ; and may alfo allot 
a few trees of the choiced eating Apples, to plant on 
fouth or wed and eaderly walls, for early ripening in 
the forward (bits, or in others to acquire a fuperior 
flavour : however, as all the varieties of Pears and 
Apples attain good maturity on Aandard-trees and ef- 
palieis, (hould allot plenty of thefe where room ad¬ 
mits, generally mod abundantly in dandards, and in 
which have principally more of Apples than Pears, 
as being the mod generally ufeful fruit, and obtained 
in longer fuccdfion, in good perfection and abundance * 
but not omitting to have fosne proportional quantity of 
Pear 
