Or TREES, SHRUBS, PLANTS, FLOWERS, and FRUITS. 
their more advanced ftate, in the end of July and 
in Auguft, &c. feveral forts are proper, both for 
the fame purpofes, and attain fome degree of ma¬ 
turity for eating in their natural ftate, as table 
or defert fruit, as obferved of the Pears: though 
none of thefe early forts, even when full grown, will 
keep long, only a few days, or a week or two, or 
but little more; but the autumn kinds, acquiring full 
growth in September, confining cf many principal 
l’orts, are in perfection, both for immediate eating off 
the trees, and, that when gathered, will keep feveral 
weeks; and the late or winter Apples, attaining matu¬ 
rity of full growth, principally by the latter end of 
September, and in October, proper both for prefent 
life, and being then gathered, houfed, and thickly 
covered with dry ftraw, will keep in good perfection 
two or three months, or more; and fome forts will 
continue found and good till May or June following; 
cr fome, even till the production of young Apples for 
ufe the enfuing fummer. 
And therefore, as the varieties of Apples are very 
profitable fruit, both for many ufeful culinary pur¬ 
pofes in baking, boiling, &c. and for eating, and of 
great value for making cyder, that where eligible 
fcope of ground in gardens, orchards, parks, hedge¬ 
rows, Sec. fhould have plenty of the trees in ftand- 
ards, planted twenty or thirty, to forty feet diftance, 
or more, according to room; as likewife in gardens 
have a portion of the fineft forts in efpaliers, planted 
in the borders of the kitchen garden, &c. next the 
walks, in a row, fifteen to eighteen or twenty feet dif¬ 
tance, to have their branches trained to the efpalier 
cr trellis of polls and rails, in the manner of wall- 
trees ; or likewife a few of the fineft early Apples may 
be trained againft walls. 
In planting a collection of Apple Trees, more or 
Jefs, fhould generally allot fome good portion of Cod- 
lins in ftandards, as being the firft moll ufeful Ap¬ 
ples, for kitchen ufes particularly, or for eating when 
of advanced growth; and the trees being moderate 
.fhooters,. not fpreading contiderably, they may be 
planted clofer than the larger ftandard-trees, and will 
foon become plentiful bearers. 
All the forts of Apples are propagated by grafting 
,the refpeCtive varieties upon Crab or any kind of Appl# 
ftocks raifed from the kernels cf the fruit, which being 
what are called Crab or free ftocks, are principally for 
larger ftandard-trees, and occafionally for efpaliers, 
when required to have any of extenfive growth; and 
others are grafted upon Codlin ftocks, raifed from 
fuckers from the roots. See. of old trees, which being of 
more moderate growth than free ftocks, are more pro¬ 
per for fmall or moderate ftandards, and principal ef- 
palier-trees; and upon Paradife and Siberian Crab 
ftocks, being of dwarf growth, are proper to form 
183 
fmall or dwarf ftandards, and for efpaliers of fmall ex- 
tenfion, and to bear fooner than on ftronger ftocks; 
and in all of which, the grafting is always performed 
in the fpring: the grafts ftioot the fame year; and 
when of one or two, to three, four, or five years old, 
from grafting, are proper for planting finally in the 
places where they are intended to remain, and will 
begin to bear in two, three, or four years; gene¬ 
rally fooneft in thofe on Codlin and Paradife ftocks, 
more particularly the latter, which fometimes com¬ 
mence bearers the lecond or third year; but thofe on 
large ftrong ftocks, running more ftrongly to wood, 
are longer before they bear. 
But, as obferved of the Pears, young trees of all, 
or any of the principal varieties of Apples for imme¬ 
diate planting, may be had at the common nurfery-gar 
dens, in good perfection; either in young growth, with 
fmall branchy heads, of one, two, or three years old 
from grafting, or in a more advanced growth, as may 
be required; and fuch as are become bearers, to pro 
duce fruit immediately, or the firft year of planting. 
i 
Pear and Apple Trees, in their different orders of 
training, confift of full ftandards, half ftandards, dwarf 
ftandards, efpaliers, and wall-trees; the ltandard-trees 
being fuch as are planted detached in the open ground, 
to branch out every way, generally moft cf the full 
ftandards being trained with a tall Item, fix or feven 
feet high, to branch out at that height, and form large 
heads, for the general production of fruit; half ftand¬ 
ards in three, four, or five feet Items, to branch out in 
lowerheadsforoccafionalplanting; anddwarf ftandards 
with (hort ftems, fix, feven, or eight inches, to one or 
two feet, to grow in fmall, low heads, to plant occafi¬ 
onally, in borders and fmall compartments; and the 
efpalier and whll-trees, being fuch as have the 
branches regularly trained, the former to a trellis of 
flakes and rails, and the latter to walls, are trained 
with a low ftem, fix or eight inches, to branch out 
near the ground, to furnifh the efpalier and wall with a 
regular expanfion of branches, quite from the bottom 
upward; or fometimes for high walls. Pears, in particu¬ 
lar, are trained in half ftandard wall-trees, with tall 
ftems, four or five, to fix or feven feet, to branch out at 
that height, to elevate the branches accordingly. 
The full ftandards, being fuch as are trained with a tali 
fingle ftem, fix or feven feet high, are generally work 
ed on free ftocks, which being run up tall are grafted or 
budded at that height; or icmetimes Pears, Sec. are 
budded low, and run up with a fingle fhoot for a ftem, 
and in either method, having the ftem tall, clean, and 
fingle, to branch out above, at the afore-mentioned 
height, forming the firft fet of branches, fix or feven 
feet from the ground, that the head may be elevated 
both to admit the benefit of the free air, fun, &c. 
underneath; and that the fpreading branches being 
at 
