Of TREES, SHRUBS, PLANTS, FLOWERS, and FRUITS. 
or, Iikewife, to prune out cafual ill-placed, and fu- 
per-abundant branches, and fuch as grow acrofs the 
others in a diforderly manner; and generally, in per¬ 
forming any occafional ihortening of too-advanced 
branches, (hould cut to fome lower, moderate lhoot, 
if any occur that do not exceed the bounds; or if 
none, cut'occafionally, either to a lateral fruit-fpur, 
or a (hoot-bud; but, except in fuch inftances of par¬ 
ticular branches rambling confiderably from the others, 
it is mod advifeable to preferve them at their natural 
length, and they will furnilh fruit-fpurs all along the 
fides to the extremity. 
Though fometimes dwarf Apple (landards, on Pa- 
radife (locks, are kept down, by pruning, to half a 
yard, or two or three feet high; or, however, when 
on Paradife (locks, and permitted to take their full 
growth, they will always remain perfeCl dwarfs, of 
only three or four, to five or fix feet high. 
However, notwithftanding that thefe dwarf-trees 
generally bear fooner, and produce fruit in great per¬ 
fection, they, from their fmall extent or expanfion of 
branches, especially thofe on Paradife (locks, cannot 
furnilh it in confiderable quantity, as in full and large 
half (landards; and therefore are chiefly proper to 
cultivate either principally to become bearers more ex- 
peditioufly than large trees, or to furnilh fome fruit 
till the latter commence a bearing (late, and as alfo to 
take up but little room in a garden, or for fmall com¬ 
partments ; and likewife to introduce in gardens, both 
for variety and curiofity, to have trees of fuch 
fmall dimenfions producing, proportionally to their 
fize, abundant crops of fruit in the fulled maturity of 
growth, according to the refpeClive varieties or kinds; 
and being worked on dwarf-flocks, they foori become 
good bearers. 
The efpalier-trees are fuch as are trained, in a fan¬ 
ned expanfion, to ranges of flakes and rails, to which 
the branches are fattened in a fpreading manner, in 
the order of wall-trees; have low ftems, only a few 
inches high, branching out, near the ground, in a re¬ 
gular expanfion upwards, and extended horizontally 
on both fides, till the branches of the different trees 
meet, and thereby forming a fort of hedge, thence 
fometimes called efpalier hedges, and are applicable, 
not only to Apples and Pears, but to Plums, Cherries, 
figs. Grapes, Apricots, &c. but generally more of 
Apples and Pears than other fruit-trees; and in all of 
which, the efpalier-trees being generally planted in the 
borders bounding the large quarters of a kitchen gar¬ 
den, or any other, where convenient, in a row long¬ 
ways the borders next principal walls, and the branches 
being extended only to the right and left, in a flraight 
range, to the efpalier, or trellis of (lakes and rails, 
four, to five or fix feet high, take up no room, bear 
on both fides, equally in the front and back part; and 
18 S 
the branches being thinly and regularly arranged a c 
equal diffances, have the full benefit of the fun and air> 
to forward the fruit to the utmott perfection of matu¬ 
rity. 
The trees for efpaliers are always trained with (hort 
ffems, only fix or eight inches long, in order to have 
the branches commence near the ground, that they may 
cover the trellis, &c. of the efpalier, in a regular ex¬ 
panfion, equally from the bottom upward, four, five, 
or fix feet high, having the branches arranged hori¬ 
zontally, four, to five or fix inches afunder, one above 
another, moflly extended always at their full length,- 
to the utmoft extent of room in the efpalier. 
So, that in raifing Pear and Apple Trees for efpa¬ 
liers and wall-trees, they (hould be grafted, &c. low 
in the flocks, or at five, fix, or eight inches from the 
bottom, either fome on free flocks, for largeff trees, 
in extenfive gardens, where room to fpread in a con¬ 
fiderable extent, in their full growth, or worked moft- 
ly on middling and dwarf-flocks, for the general fupply,- 
as on Quince flocks, principally for Pears; and Ap¬ 
ples on Codlin and Paradife flocks, in order both in the 
Apples and Pears, to obtain trees of fmaller or moderate 
growth, and to have them bear in a lhorter time than 
thofe on Crab or free flocks, which, (hooting ftrongly 
to wood, are longer before they form fruit-fpurs plen¬ 
tifully; but, when on dwarf-flocks, they (hoot mode¬ 
rate, and fooner furnilh fpurs more abundantly for 
bearing. 
Or proper trees, for efpaliers, may be obtained at 
the common nurferies, of proper growth for immediate 
planting. 
In efpaliers it is particularly advifeable to plant a col¬ 
lection of the fined eating and culinary Pears and Ap¬ 
ples in every garden of any tolerable extent, or even in 
fmall gardens, to admit only of a few trees in that or¬ 
der of training; and in which, the trees being trained 
in a fpreading expanfion, in the wall-tree manner, 
generally produce fruit in a fuperior degree of perfec¬ 
tion ; and befides, the trees do not take up much room, 
and have alfo an ornamental appearance, as well as 
afford fome (belter to the adjacent under-crops in the 
ground, in winter, and (hade in fummer. 
And wall-tree Pears, more particularly than Apples,, 
being advifeable to have a collection of the choiceft 
kinds in every garden accommodated wjth walls, &c. 
they are mod commonly trained with dwarf ftems, as 
obferved for the efpaliers, about fix or eight inches, 
grafted or budded at that height, that the branches 
may come out low, to cover the wall regularly from 
the bottom to the top; (hould generally be grafted. 
Si c. on Quince flocks, to have the trees (hoot mode¬ 
rately, and foon become bearers, and that, in advanced 
growth, they may continue within moderate bounds, 
A a by 
