4. Corolla regular and bell-shaped. Herbs with milky 
juice — Campanulaceae (Bluebell family). 
4. Stamens with united anthers (syngenesious) . 
5. Flowers irregular, not in heads -Lobeliaceae (Lobelia 
family) . 
5. Flowers in heads, with strap shaped or tubular cor- 
olla, calyx a pappus; fruit an achene— Compositae 
(Composite family) (Golden-rod, Aster, Sunflower, 
Arnica, Dandelion, Endive, Chicory, Salsify, Lettuce) . 
II. Monocotyledons, with 1 seed-leaf (25,000 species. Flowers gen- 
erally in 3s; leaves mostly parallel-veined; fibro-vascular bun- 
dles scattered. 
1. Carpels 1 or more, distinct. Perianth wanting, orinconspic- 
uous; scale or bristle-like (except inAlismaceae and Palms). 
2. Aquatic or marsh plants. Flowers in dense spikes. 
3. Minute floating aquatics— Lemnaceae (Duckweed family). 
3. Flowers in denseterminal spikes— Typhaceae(Cat-tailfamily) 
3. Marsh or immersed aquatic herbs — Naiadaceae (Pondweed 
family) (Potamogeton) . 
3. With 3 conspicuous petals and 3 sepals, and numerous pis- 
tils— Alismaceae (Water-Plantain family) (Sagittaria). 
2. Flowers on a true spadix (flesh} 7 spike), with or without an 
enveloping spathe — Araceae (Arum, Indian Turnip, Calla 
Lily, Calamus, Skunk Cabbage, Golden Club, Anthurium). 
2. Flowers on a usually branched axis, enclosed in a sheath 
(spathe). Tropical or subtropical trees — Palmae (Palm 
family) (Cocoanut, Date, Ivory-nut). 
2. Flowers enclosed in dry, chaffy scales (glumes). Grass-like 
plants with jointed stems. 
3. Stems round or flattened and usually hollow; leaf-sheaths 
split; anthers attached at middle — Gramineae( Grass family) 
(Wheat, Corn, Rye, Barley, Sugar Cane, Rice, Bamboo). 
3. Stems triangular and solid; leaf-sheaths not split; an- 
thers attached at base — Cyperaceae (Sedge family). 
1. Carpels usually 3, united to form acompoundpistil. Perianth 
usually conspicuous. 
2. Ovary superior. Corolla regular. 
3. Grass-like, or rush-like plants — Juncaceae ( Rush family) . 
3. Not grass like. Sepals and petals colored alike (except 
in Trillium)— Liliaceae (Lily family) (Asparagus, Onion, 
Leek, Hyacinth, Lily-of-the-valley, Smilax, Century 
Plant). 
2. Ovary inferior. 
3. Corolla regular or nearly so. 
4. Stamens 6— Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis, Narcissus, Agave, 
Star-grass) , 
4. Stamens 6; mostly epiphytic tropical or subtropical 
plants — Bromeliaceae (Pineapple, Spanish Moss). 
4. Stamens 3 Iridaceae (Iris, Crocus, Gladiolus). 
3. Corolla irregular. 
4. Stamens 5— Musaceae (Banana, Manila Hemp). 
4. Stamens mostly petal-like, only i of one fertile — Cannaceae 
(Canna family) . 
4. Stamens 1. Aromatic plants — Zingiberaceae (Ginger, 
Cardamom). 
4. Stamens 1 (or 2 in Ladies’ Slipper) — Orchidaceae (Orchid 
family) (Vanilla). 
E. W. O. 
