was no real controversy as between the newcomers and the 
ancient American vegetation, for their food habits and home 
economy were poles apart. It has already been pointed out that 
native American plants did not like disturbed conditions, but the 
newcomers literally monopolized such places. In all the hurly- 
burly of the building of America,— the roads, railways, canals, 
factory yards, mines, and millions of acres of farms,— this horde 
of foreign plant immigrants stood ready to cover with a weedy 
vegetation regions that scarcely any native plants could have 
successfully occupied. As “weeds,” which may, from the farmer’s 
point of view, be defined as plants out of place, these European 
plant immigrants have spread over all America. Perhaps even 
the meagre list of them which follows will come as a surprise to 
many of the older generation of Americans, but to all recent 
arrivals they will bring back memories of home. From their 
occupancy of different sites this native and introduced plant 
growth, competing scarcely at all, makes for variety and beauty 
in the flora of America, just as the commingling of different 
human strains makes for a richer community life. 
A few of these introduced plants are listed below, together 
with the country of their origin. Most of them are among our 
most familiar roadside plants. Surprisingly few of them are trees, 
but some, like the Allan thus, have spread into remote regions. 
Immigrant Herbs 
Spring.— Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum ; (Eu- 
rope); Sheep Sorrel, Rurnex Acetosella (Europe); Prince’s Feather, 
Polygonum orie>italf (India) ; Lamb’s Quarters, Chenopodium 
album (Europe); Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum (Europe); Water 
Cress, Radicula N asturtium-aquaticum (Europe); Dandelion, 1'ar- 
axacum officinale ( Europe) ; Coltsfoot, Tussilago Faifara (Europe). 
Summer. — Common Poppy, Papaver somniferum (Europe); 
White Mustard, Brassica alba (Europe); Mossy Stonecrop, Sedum 
acre (Europe); Red Clover, Trifolium pratense (Europe); White 
Melilot, Melilolus alba (Europe) ; Alfalfa, Medicago saliva (Eu- 
rope); Prickly Lettuce, Laduca scariola (Europe); Devil’s Paint 
Brush, Hieracium aurantiacum (Europe); Lovage, Loevisticum 
officinale (Europe); Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis Tetrahit (Europe); 
Peppermint, Mentha Piperita (Europe). 
Autumn. — Bittersweet, Solarium dulcamara (Europe); Catnip, 
Nepeta Cataria (Europe); Common Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris 
(Europe); Scotch Thistle, Onopordum Acanthium (Europe); 
Bachelor’s Button, Ccntaurea Cyanus (Europe) ; Chicory, Cichor- 
ium Intybus (Europe); Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora (Tropical 
America); Sneezeweed, Achillea Ptarmica (Europe); Butter and 
Eggs, Linaria vulgaris (Europe); Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea 
(Europe) ; English Plaintain, Plantago lauceolata (Europe); 
Common White Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemnm (Europe); 
Tansy, Tauacelum vu/gate (Europe) . 
4 
