plantarum (1675), with numerous illustrations, contained the first 
account of sieve tubes. “In performing - these researches so man}’ 
marvels of nature were spread before my eyes that I experienced 
an internal pleasure that my pen could not describe.” 
Neheiniah Grew 
( b . Coventry, Warwickshire, England, 1641. 
d. London, March 25, 1712). 
With Malpighi, co-founder of plant anatomy. Avatomie of vegeta- 
bles begun (1671). Secretary of the Royal Society (1677-1682). His 
Anatomie of plants was authoritative for 130 years. He pointed 
out the difference between seeds with one and two cotyledons. 
Introduced the term “parenchyma”, and, with Millington, first 
suggested the idea that stamens are male organs. 
Robert Morrison 
(b. Aberdeen, Scotland, 1620. d. London, November!), 1683). 
First professor of botany in Oxford (1669), and Horti Praefeclus 
of the Physic Garden. Physician to Charles II. His Monogiaph 
of the (Jmbelliferae (1672) was the first monograph of a singlelarge 
family. His magnum opus, tf is tori a plavlai vm universalis (Jxcn- 
ieusis (1699) was completed after his death. He was the first to 
form a genealogical tree. 
John Ray 
(b. Black Motley, Essex, England, November 29, 1627. 
d. Black Notley, January 17, 1705). 
He introduced the terms monocotyledon and dicotyledon , making 
the number of cotyledons the basis of his subdivision of “flow- 
ering herbs”. His great t, istoria plantarum (1686-1704) described 
18,000 species, and summarized all that was then known concern- 
ingthe nutrition of plants. He was one of the few early r botanists 
to recognize the existence of sex in plants. 
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 
(b. Aix, France, June, 1656. d. Paris, December 28, 1708). 
Professor in the Jar din du Roi, under Louis XIV (1683-1708). 
Botanist in Asia, Africa, and Greece. In his Institutiones rei 
herbariae (1700), the standard of authority until Linnaeus, he was 
the first to assign characters to genera. Emphasized the inifor- 
tance of the characters of the flower. He declined to accept the 
doctrine of the sexuality of plants, and taught that the move- 
ments of plants are produced by' muscles. 
Rudolph Jacob Camerarius 
( b . Tubingen, Wiirtemberg, February' 17, 1665. 
d. Tubingen, September 11, 1721). 
Professor extraordinary' and Director of the botanic garden in 
Tubingen (1688); professor of natural philosophy (ltS9); first 
professor of the University (1695). By three years of careful ex- 
periment he was the first to demonstrate the sexuality' of plants, 
and the necessity' of pollination for the formation of seeds. His 
results were communicated in a letter, De sexa plantarum episto/a 
(1694), the most elaborate treatment of the subject prior to the 
middle of the eighteenth century. 
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