MIDDLE NINETEENTH CENTURY 
Elias Magnus Fries 
O 
( b . Femsjo, Smaland, Sweden, August 15, 1794. 
d. Upsala, February 8, 1878). 
Professor of botany in Lund (1824-1834), and in Upsala (1851-1878). 
Shares with Persoon the honor of being the founder of system- 
atic mycology. System a mycologicum (1821-1829). 
Giovanni Battista Amici 
(b. Modena, Italy, March 25, 1786. d. Florence, April 10, 1863). 
Director of the Astronomical Observatory in Florence. He 
greatly improved the microscope, and was the first to see the 
pollen tube enter the micropyle. Also first to observe the germi- 
nation of pollen-grains (1823), and first to demonstrate that the 
embryo is formed in the embryo-sac (1846). 
Adolf Theodore Brongniart 
(b. Paris, January 14, 1801. d. Paris, February 18, 1876). 
Founder of the science of paleobotany. Professor in the Museum 
d' Histoire Naturelle (1833-1876). His great H isloii e des vegetanx 
fossiles, appearing for nine years, was never completed. 7'ableajtx 
de genres de vegetaux fossites (1S49) . He established the general 
fact of the germination of pollen-grains on the stigma, and in- 
troduced the term “embryo-sec”. The botanic gardens of Paris 
and other French cities are still laid out according to his 
classification. 
Oswald Heer 
(b. Nieder-Utzwyl, St. Gallon, Switzerland, August 31, 1809. 
d. Lausanne, September 27, 1883). 
Entomologist and paleobotanist. Professor of botany in Zurich 
(1851) and director of the botanic garden there. His Flora 
tertiaria helvetiae (1855-1859) and Flora fossilis arctica (1868-1883) 
are classical works on fossil plants. Of the former it has been 
said that “Nothing comparable to it had appeared before, and 
nothing equal to it has appeared since.” 
Leo Lesquereux 
( b . Fleurier, Neufchatel, Switzerland, November 18, 1806. 
d. Columbus, Ohio, October 25, 1889). 
Came to America with Agassiz and Guyot in 1848, when the 
Geneva Revolutionary Council suppressed the Academy at 
Neufchatel. Student of mosses and American fossil plants, 
especially of the coal formations. Prepared, with Sullivant, the 
Alusci Americana exsiccati. His work on Pennsylvania plant 
fossils was the most important work on carboniferous plants 
produced in America. 
Matthias Jakob Schlciden 
( b . Hamburg, Germany, April 5, 1804. 
d. Frankfurt-am-Main, June 23, 1881). 
Professor at Jena (1850). Co-founder, with Schwann, of the cell 
theory. Emphasized the study of development as a foundation 
of morphology. By the vigor of his thought he gave a great im- 
pulse to botanical research. With Nageli, he established the 
Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Folanik (1844). The appearance 
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