Louis Pasteur 
(b. Dole, Jura, France, December 27, 1822. 
d. Villeneuve-l'Etang, near St. Cloud, September 8, 1895). 
Founder of the science of bacteriology. Disproved by rigid ex- 
periments the doctrine of spontaneous generation (1860). Dem- 
onstrated the relation between fermentation and anaerobic 
respiration, and that fermentations and infectious diseases are 
produced by the development of special microbes. Founder of 
the Pasteur Institute (1888), L’Academie des Sciences (1869), 
L’Academie Franyaise (1882). "La vie c'esl le germ , et le germ 
c'est la vie" . 
Heinrich Anton de Bary 
(b. Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, January 26, 1831. 
d. Strassburg, January 19, 1888). 
Founder of modern mycology, and the first to prove that the sub- 
stance of Myxornycetes is protoplasm. First to describe the phe- 
nomenon of alternate hosts (heteroecism) in the life histoty of 
the plant Rusts. Mot phologieund Physiologie der Pi Ize, £ lech ten 
und Myxomycelen (1866). Vergleichende Anatomie der Vegetations- 
organe der Gefassplanzen (1877). 
Jean Baptiste Joseph Dieudonne Boussingault 
(. b . Paris, February 2, 1802. d. Paris, May 11, 1887). 
Professor in Paris. Introduced modern methods of experiment- 
ing in plant nutrition. His work, Agrononlie, chcmie agricole tt 
physiologic (1860 1874), was the foundation of soil-ehemistiy. He 
showed that plants do not obtain their nitrogen from the air, but 
from the soil in the form of nitrates, thus overthrowing the 
erroneous doctrine of the humus, which had persisted from 
Aristotle to Liebig. 
Ferdinand Gustav Julius von Sachs 
( b . Breslau, Silesia, October2, 1832. d. Wurzburg, May 29, 1897). 
Historian of botany. Founder of modern plant physiology. Pro- 
fessor of botany in Wurzburg (1868-1897). Handbuch der Experi- 
mental Physiologie der Pflanzen (1865). Lehrbuch der Botanik 
(1868). Geschichte der Botanik (1875). The publication of his 
Vorlesungen iiber Pf/anzenphysiologie inaugurated a new epoch in 
plant physiology. Under his influence schools of botanical re- 
search sprang up in many universities. 
George Benthatn 
(b. Stoke, near Plymouth, England, September 22, 1800. 
d. London, September 10, 1884). 
Foremost of systematists; keeper of the herbarium, Kew. Pub- 
lished a series of floras. Joint author, with Sir Joseph Hooker, 
of the great Genera Plantarnm (1862-1883). 
Joseph Dalton Hooker 
(b. Halenworth, Suffolk, England, June 30, 1817. 
d. Sunningdale, Berkshire, December 10, 1911). 
Explorer, systematist, and scientific administrator. Second 
Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. With Bentham, he 
published the monumental Genera plantar um (1862-1883). His 
work on the Flora of Br itish India (18/5-1897) has been character- 
ized as “the most remarkable study of a vast and varied flora 
that has ever been carried through by one ruling mind”. At 
Darwin’s suggestion he directed the preparation of the indis- 
pensable Index Kew en sis. 
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