Louis Charles Joseph Gaston Marquis de Saporta 
( b . St. Vacharie, Var, France, July 28, 1823. 
d. Aix-en-Provence, January 26, 1895). 
One of the founders of the science of paleobotany. Plantes 
jurassiques (1873-1883). His determinations are supported by inten- 
sive comparisons of fossil with living plants. He was the first 
paleobotanist ardently to support the theory of evolution. L' evo- 
lution du regne veyitale (1881). 
Edward Tuckerman 
(/>. Boston, Massachusetts, December 7, 1817. 
d. Amherst, March 15, 1886). 
Professor of history; later (1851-1886), professor of botany in Am- 
herst College. First American authority on lichens. He also 
studied mosses. Carex , and Potamogefon, Genera Lichennm 
(1872). Synopsis of North American lichens (1882-1888). 
Simon Schwendener 
( b . Rafis, Canton, St. Gallen, Switzerland, February 10, 1829). 
Director of botanic garden in Basel, and later in Tubingen. Pro- 
fessor of physics in Berlin (1878). Investigator of lichens and of 
plant anatomy. He was the first to demonstrate the nature of 
lichens (first suggested by de Bary), namely, that they are com- 
posed of a fungus growing symbiotically with a green alga. 
Eduard Adolf Strasburger 
( b . Warsaw, Poland, February 1, 1844. 
d. Poppelsdorf-Bonn, May 19, 1912). 
Professor in Bonn (1887-1912). Investigator of plant physiology 
and morphology. Showed that the nuclei of the sporophyte con- 
tain twice as many chromosomes as those of the gametophyte. 
Made many important contributions to our knowledge of fertiliza- 
tion and life histories. We are mainly indebted to him for work- 
ing out the details of fertilization of plant eggs by the sperms 
derived from the pollen. 
Harry Marshall Ward 
(h. Hereford, England, March 21, 1854. 
d. Torquay, England, August 26, 1906). 
Distinguished plant pathologist. Professor in the Royal En- 
gineering College (18851895), and in the Cambridge University 
(1895 1906). Fellow of the Linnaean Society of London, member 
of the Royal Society, and Royal Medalist. President of the 
British Mycological Society (1900-1902). First to show that a par- 
asitic fungus secretes an enzyme that softens the tissues of the 
host plant, thus making possible the penetration of woody tissue 
by the delicate fungal filaments. 
Herman Muller 
(h. Thiiringen, Germany, September 23, 1829. 
d. Lippstadt, August 25, 1883). 
With his brother, Fritz Muller, the embryologist, he made exten- 
sive studies of the pollination of flowers. His important work, 
Die Befruchtvng der Blutnen durch In sec ten , published in 1873, 
described the method of cross pollination in more than four hun- 
dred species of plants. 
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