one, consists of two parts, the above-ground fruiting part, which 
has all developed from a twig of the original tree, and the below- 
ground or root part, which is not Baldwin at all, but simply a 
nondescript seedling about which one is not particular, providing 
it has a strong, hardy root system, is more or less resistant to 
root diseases, is suited to the soil conditions, and fulfills its duty as 
the provider of the raw food material for the upper or important 
part of the tree. Figure 1 represents a series of illustrations 
showing how this process of grafting is accomplished. Several 
methods are illustrated, but these are only a few of a very large 
number of ways in which this result is brought about. The upper 
part of the tree, the Baldwin part, is technically called a scion, 
while the lower or root part is called the stock. In nurseries, the 
stocks are grown from the apple seeds secured from the cider mills 
of New England, especially those of Vermont, or from imported 
French apple seed. In the colder northwest prairie states, where 
the temperature in winter goes down as low as 40° F. below zero, 
Russian and Siberian crab-apple seed is used, as stocks grown 
from these can resist more cold than those grown from the eastern 
and European seed. The seedlings are allowed to grow until 
their girth reaches that of a lead pencil, which generally takes 
one year, depending, however, on climate, length of season, and 
the kind of seed. 
If root grafting Is the method practiced, as is generally the 
case with nursery propagation of apple varieties, the seedlings 
are allowed to remain in the ground until late fall, so that their 
wood will be thoroughly ripened. Before the ground freezes, they 
are dug and healed in until early winter, i. e . , tied in bunches and 
the roots covered with earth and the tops with straw. Later, 
when the fall work slackens, they are taken up, sorted as to size, 
again tied in bunches and placed in a root-cellar, the roots being 
covered with sand or loose earth. Scions of the varieties one 
wishes to propagate are often gathered as needed, in countries 
where the winters are mild. In case the winters are severe, scions 
are cut, tied in bunches, and kept in the root-cellar, packed in 
straw or leaves. Only the last season’s growth, or new wood, is 
used for scions, as this unites more easily than the older wood. 
Most of the grafting is done in winter, when the outside work is 
slack and both scion and stock are dormant. The grafter cuts 
his scion-wood into short pieces, makes the cuts as shown in 
figure 1, cuts off the top of a seedling, making the necessary cuts 
to receive the prepared scion, binds the two parts of the new 
baby tree tightly together with w r axed cord, and packs them away 
