in sawdust or sandy earth until the spring planting season 
arrives. They are then planted six inches or more apart, in long 
rows, and after growing from two to four seasons, are carefully 
dug, sorted, tied in bunches and sold to the orchardist. When of 
of bearing age, they produce only fruit like the tree from which 
the scion-wood was taken. 
The general character of the scion part of the tree is very 
rarely altered by the kind of stock it lives upon, except through 
the direct modifications caused by nourishment. For example, 
varieties of apples which grow to large-sized trees are dwarfed 
and bear earlier when grafted on Paradise apple stocks, because 
the stock is able to supply only enough raw food for a small tree. 
But why must one go to all this trouble, may be asked? Why not 
plant the seed of a Baldwin, just as one does with the seeds of 
garden plants? Surely red kidney beans always produce red 
kidney beans, and why will not Baldwins always produce Bald- 
wins? If, however, a nurseryman planted Baldwin apple seed, 
he would probably find himself in possession of as many varieties 
of apples as he had seedlings, for most varieties of apples, plums, 
cherries and other fruit trees, like human beings, are hybrids, 
and do not breed true. They could be made to breed true from 
seed, if one cared to grow several generations of them and care- 
fully and continually destroyed the rogues or off-type variations, 
so that they could not mix again with those trees that bore fruit 
true to type; but this would take a long time— in the case of 
apples perhaps from twelve to fifty years, for the average apple 
tree does not bear fruit until it is five to eight years old. From 
these facts, it is easy to see how impracticable such a slow method 
would be. Besides, grafted trees are said to bear fruit earlier and 
in greater quantity than ungrafted or seedling trees. 
While root grafting (using the tongue or whip cuts) is proba- 
bly one of the commonest forms this process takes in commercial 
practice, budding, which is essentially a form of grafting, is also 
extensively used, especially where the newly originated variety is 
in great demand and scion-wood is scarce and valuable. In most 
forms of grafting, the scion has more than one bud; while in bud- 
ding, every healthy bud on the new wood can be used to produce 
a tree. Hence, by the latter practice, three or four trees can be 
secured from the same material from which, by the former, only 
one is usually secured. Of course, budding has many other ad- 
vantages over ordinary grafting as well as many disadvantages, 
depending altogether on the varieties to be united, the climatic 
conditions and the price of labor. There is a third form of graft- 
