42 WorsdelL—The Structure of the 
its base (Fig. 2). In Agathis there is no sign of any ligular 
outgrowth. 
In the Cupressineae the scales are not arranged spirally 
in elongated cones but in whorls. Here also there is but 
a single woody scale, which has, however, two distinct apices 
or tips at its swollen anterior end. In Juniper us the scales 
composing each whorl become fleshy and fuse laterally to 
form a berry, so that the seeds become enclosed. Each scale 
in this genus has but one seed ; in Cupressus , however, there 
may be very many to each scale. 
In the Taxodieae the structure of the scale is the same as 
that in Cupressineae. 
In Taxeae a single sporangium is borne at the end of 
a secondary axis furnished with three pairs of bracts. The 
sporangium is attached to no scale, but the seed or mature 
sporangium is enclosed by a fleshy, coloured aril. 
In Podocarpus the anatropous ovule is fused with the bract 
and extends far beyond the latter, owing to its being carried 
up on a long stalk. It has two integuments, of which the 
outer is fleshy and coloured. In some species the bracts and 
axis are fused into a coloured, succulent whole. 
The above are the principal types of structure to be met 
with in this order. I have simply described the structures 
according to their bare, superficial appearance; and will now 
proceed to reproduce the various views and ideas as to the 
significance and true interpretation of these structures. 
At the outset I may state that the whole question and 
controversy turns on two main points: (1) the nature of the 
‘ seminiferous scale ’; and (2) that of the sporangial envelope ; 
these two factors are intimately bound up with one another, 
and neither can be in any way ignored when treating of the 
other, if an attempt at any thorough elucidation of the 
problem is to be made. 
Historical Sketch. 
As is naturally to be expected, the older botanists ap¬ 
proached the question in what, to our modern notions, is 
