50 Worsdell.—The Structure of the 
Only in the Cupressineae verae is the scale completely peltate, 
in Actinostrobeae and Thuiopsideae it is incompletely so. 
The Cupressineae have no carpel, but the flower is represented 
by 12-00 naked ovules, always at first attached to the axis of 
the cone in the axil of each scale, but which, later on, as seeds, 
become removed and carried up by the stalk of the scale, and 
in this way come to be situated on the latter.’ 
The name of Sachs (82), through his classical ‘Lehrbuch, 5 
first published in 1868, lends great weight to a view, then 
first enunciated, that the seminiferous scale in the Pineae 
(A dies, Picea , Larix , Cedrus , Pinus) is really a ventral out¬ 
growth of the subtending ‘ bract, 5 of ligidar nature, such 
a structure, in fact, as we are familiar with in Isoetcs or 
Selaginella ; so that there is in reality but one single scale 
instead of two, and the ‘ bract ’ is part and parcel of the 
carpel, bearing the ligular placenta, with inverted orientation 
of its vascular bundles. ‘ In the other Abietineae, 5 the 
seminiferous scales ‘do not spring from the axils of leaves, 
but grow immediately out of the axis of the cone, and are 
therefore themselves leaves and of a carpellary nature.’ This 
view will be further developed hereafter. 
Van Tieghem (65), in the following year (1869), assumed 
a prominent and important role in the endeavour to solve the 
problem, by following a line of investigation different from all 
which had preceded him, viz. that of the evidence from the 
anatomical structure. As Baillon is the champion of the 
developmental method, in the same way must Van Tieghem 
be regarded as the champion of the anatomical method of 
research. His primary idea is that the seminiferous scale 
in all Coniferae represents the first and only leaf of an 
axillary branch, though he suggests the possibility of its 
being really two fused leaves. His view is based on the 
course and orientation of the vascular bundles. In the 
Abietineae he finds that the bundles of the bracts and 
seminiferous scale, as they respectively leave the central 
cylinder of the axis of the cone, are enclosed each in its 
own parenchymatous sheath, and thus represent independent 
