62 Wors dell, — The Structure of the 
orientation. Both plants have an outer integument in the 
form of an arillus. In Podocarpus dacrydioides the ovule is 
inverted and fused along its whole length with the carpel. 
The second integument becomes fleshy like an aril, and arises 
later than the first integument. Just above the base of the 
carpel the bundle gives off two branches which terminate just 
above the nucellus of the ovule. The inner bundles become 
inverted because they arise from the inner surface of the 
carpel. In the remaining sections of Podocarpus the ovule is 
deeply divided from the carpel, which is overtopped by the 
anatropous ovule. Here the inner bundle runs up the raphe, 
where it divides up into several branches which bend back 
above the nucellus, forming a circle around it, with the xylem- 
portions all directed outwards. Strasburger and Van Tieghem 
say the ‘ raphe ’ is the inner scale, but it is not so; there are 
other cases in Angiosperms where the raphe is thus strongly 
developed. In the section Nageia and in several species of 
the section Eupodocarpus , the male flowers occur in a capitate 
inflorescence in the same position as the receptacle with ovules, 
so that each ovule really represents a flower subtended by a 
bract, and the whole receptacle is not a single flower. But in 
P. Sellowii, P. salicifolia, P. Thunbergii , &c., the receptacle 
corresponds to a single male flower, so that the aggregation of 
distinct and unfused carpels in P. spicata is to be considered 
as a single flower. In Phyllocladus the ovule is axillary and 
not borne on a carpel enclosed in an aril; the two bundles 
supplying it have their xylem turned towards each other , not 
towards the carpel. In Cephalotaxus the bundle-system is the 
same as in Phyllocladus. In Taxus and Torreya the ovular 
axis bearing the bracts receives two bundles with their xylems 
directed towards each other. An aril is present. Seeing that 
in these last two genera the ovules are borne on independent 
leafy shoots, the whole cannot be called a flower, but each 
ovular axis is such. The ovule is clearly of axial origin. 
Eichler compares the different positions of the ovule with the 
similar variations in position of the macrosporangium as in 
Isoetes (where it occurs on a leaf), Selaginella and Lycopodium 
