68 WorsdelL—The Structure of the 
axillary bud, so as to leave no doubt in his mind as to the 
morphological equivalence of the seminiferous scale and the 
two first leaves of an axillary bud. In one point his series 
was better than in other previously described cases: the 
axillary bud occupied a position anterior to the seminiferous 
scale or its two component parts , whereas in formerly described 
cases it occurred posteriorly thereto. The former more 
clearly indicates the real relationship. 
Celakovsky (87, 94, 96, 103, 114) has repeatedly published 
his views on this subject from 1879 onwards, his latest paper 
having appeared in 1897. This investigator’s treatment of 
the subject is perhaps broader and more comprehensive than 
that of any other botanist. He seems to leave no point of view 
unutilized from which a possibility of penetrating more deeply 
into the mysteries of this complicated problem may be found. 
He is a champion of the 4 axillary bud ’ theory, first pro¬ 
pounded by Alex. Braun, and, taking up the abnormalities 
described by Stenzel and Willkomm, he thoroughly over¬ 
hauls and explains them, endeavouring to show that the 
continuous and gradual transitions existing between the 
undivided seminiferous scale of the normal condition (Fig. 1) 
and the first transverse pair of foliar organs of the axillary 
bud, along with, in many cases, the anterior bud-leaf (Fig. 3), 
as well as the agreement, in relative position of the various 
appendages, between this abnormal axillary bud and an 
ordinary axillary vegetative bud, both go to prove this theory 
to be the true one. 
According to Celakovsky the fact that the ventral surface 
of the seminiferous scale is directed towards the correspond¬ 
ing surface of the bract is due to the law of 4 Spreitenverkeh- 
rung,’ by which ligules or emergences always present their 
ventral surfaces to that of the leaf on which they are borne, 
although one would have thought that a more direct and 
obvious reason lay in the fact that the ovules being borne on 
the dorsal surface of the scale, that surface must necessarily 
lie uppermost in order to allow both of fertilization and the 
escape of the ripe seed. 
