New Zealand Flora , with a Reply to Criticism . 353 
rapidly, so that in the case of the southern forms they are actually less 
numerous than the wides in five zones ? 
( 0 ) Why, if endemics are being driven in by the wides, do their areas 
almost invariably overlap ? 
(/) Why are there practically no broken areas among them ? 
(l q ) Why do the Ceylon-Peninsular India species show a range on the 
average intermediate between the Ceylon endemics and the wides ? 
(r) Why are the species endemic to New Zealand and the islands so 
common in New Zealand, more so than the average of the wides in that 
country (21, p. 331), and why are the wides that also reach the islands yet 
more common again ? What is there in ranging to these little groups of 
islands to make plants so well suited to New Zealand ? 
(j) Why should youth make a species more capable of spreading? 
(t) Why should a species get to more islands the younger it is ( 21 , 
P- 33 °)- 
(u) Why do endemics occupy so much larger an area in New Zealand 
than in Ceylon, even proportionately to the size of the country ( 19 , p. 454) ? 
(v) Why do fern endemics, which must on the average be older, show 
greater distribution areas than Angiosperm endemics ( 22 , p. 340) ? 
(w) If the wides are the younger, there is no reason why they should 
be specially closely rekted to the endemics, and why should they show the 
same arithmetical relationships throughout ? 
(x) Why do endemics and wides, in the majority of cases, belong to the 
same genera ? 
(y) Why do the wides give flatter curves for local distribution than the 
endemics ? 
(z) Why are the endemics so often on mountain-tops? 
(da) Why do separate species of endemics occur for different mountains 
near together ( 16 , p. 133) ? 
(bb) Why do the endemics belong almost entirely to widely spread and 
successful genera, and this even more on the very isolated islands like the 
Chathams ? 1 
(cc) Why does the area covered in New Zealand go, not with that 
covered in the world in general, but with that covered in what I have called 
the New Zealand archipelago ( 21 , p. 331)? This seems to me to exclude 
both Natural Selection and absolute youth. 
1 The Chatham endemics belong to Geranium, Aciphylla , Psendopanax , Corokia, Coprosma, 
Olearia, Cotula , Senecio , Sonchus, Cyathodes, Myrsine, Gentiana, Veronica , Carex , Poa , Festuca. 
The Auckland endemics belong to Ranunculus, Stellaria, Colobanthus, Getim, Azorella, Ligusticum , 
Coprosma , Olearia, Celmisia, Cotula, Abrotanella , Gentiana, Veronica, Plantago, Urtica, Bulbinella . 
Hierochloe , Descha,mpsia, Poa. 
A a % 
