Hill. — The Genus Calt ha in the Southern Hemisphere. 423 
down, the forward free portions of the appendages stand more or less on 
edge as erect, wing-like organs parallel to the midrib. 
In C. involuta the inclination of the axis of the fold has been carried 
a stage farther and has come to lie parallel to the petiole, so that the 
appendage in this case is a lateral fold or flap instead of being a basal one 
as in C. sagittata , Cav. 
The explanation of the way in which this change in direction of the 
fold may have occurred would appear to be that the lobes of the leaf have 
grown basally and peripherally, thus resulting in a curvature of the organ 
which has carried what was originally a basal infolding through a right 
angle, so that it has come to lie with the axis of the fold parallel to the 
petiole and midrib of the leaf. 
If, further, the line of attachment of this lateral fold is carried forward, 
from the lobe of which it is a part, on to the lamina itself, so that it forms 
a distinct erect wing quite independent of the lobe, the condition represented 
by C. alata, A. W. Hill, from Bolivia, and C. phylloptera , A. W. Hill, from 
Tasmania, will be the result. Here the ‘two wing-like appendages stand 
erect over the lamina parallel to the midrib and are attached for some two- 
thirds of their length to the lamina on either side of the midrib ( see Chloris 
Andina, ii, PI. lxxxiii B, under C. sagittata , and Figs. 3 , 4 , and 7 ). 
One of the most remarkable species is C. dioneaefolia, which has been 
so well described and figured by Hooker 1 and by Goebel 2 that little more 
remains to be said. The two appendages arise from the base of the lamina 
and are wing-like organs covering the two halves of the lamina. As in 
C. alata , they represent laterally infolded lobes carried up on to the 
lamina, and their margins, like those of the deeply-bilobed lamina, are 
bordered with teeth resembling those of the genus Dionaea on a minute 
scale. 
The farthest extreme of the appendage development is shown by 
C. appendicidata and C. limbata, from the Magellanic region and S. Chile, 
where the appendages take the form of simple or lobed obovate-spathulate 
outgrowths from the upper surface of the somewhat similarly shaped 
laminae. 
Structure of the Leaves. 
The leaves of these Southern Calthas show some features of interest in 
their internal structure, to which attention was first called by Goebel in the 
case of C\ dioneaefolia . Here the stomata are confined to the morpho¬ 
logically upper surface of both laminae and appendages, on which side 
the feebly developed palisade tissue occurs. Possibly, as Goebel suggests, 
the closely infolded appendages form an air-chamber, and thus prevent the 
wetting of the stomata should the leaves of the plant be submerged. The 
1 Hooker, J. D. : London Journ. Bot., vol. ii, p. 306 ; FI. Antarct., vol. ii, p. 229. 
2 Goebel: Pflanzenbiol. Schild., vol. ii, 1891, p. 27, Fig. 6. 
