16 MEMBRA CIDJE. 
lower edge of the pronotum. Often the greater part of the flying apparatus of the 
insect is covered up. In Darnis and Stictopelta the costal parts are the only portions 
visible. 
The Membranous Areas or Cellules .—The substance of the tegmina is very varied 
in character. In some genera it is dense and horny, in others corrugated, striated, 
or punctured wholly, or in part. Other species show them clear, hyaline, or fumose. 
A few like Lycoderes, have developed bright colours and banded marks. The tegmina 
are protections to the more delicate true wings folded under them. 
Generally the tegmina are terminated at the apical ends by a broad border rather 
thinner than the rest of the substance, and finely crumpled or corrugated. This is 
the limbus. It is not always developed, though its presence is the rule. 
The Apical Areas .—The number of these cellules has been used by several authors 
as a help to the generic distinctions, but it is not always clear what designates an 
apical area. 1 have figured a tegmen of TIoplophiora pertusa as being a somewhat 
common and large species, the lettering of which diagrammatically will show what I 
mean, when the number of cells is noted in the diagnosis of species. 
The apical areas are all bounded by the limbus, or else by a peripheral nervure, 
and by one or more portions of the radial nervures. The cubital area, F, called 
by some the embolium, may be coriaceous. It is bounded by the cubitus and the 
costa, but often it is inconspicuous. The other areas, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (5 
being present only in some genera), are contiguous, and succeed each other till 
the claval or anal suture is reached. The inner areas sometimes are complete to the 
base of the tegmen, and are the 1st, 2nd, 
and 3rd discoidals figured as A, B, C. 
There may be a supplementary cellule 
which is subcubital. If there be a basal 
area D, in the tegmen it will be situated 
close to the union of the radial nervures, 
but there is confusion in the nomenclature. 
I may cite Fairmaire’s conclusion that 
Polygtypta has three basal cellules, whilst 
Fowler gives an outline of the tegmen of 
Polyglypta, with what I consider to be one large basal area with four apical and one 
discoidal cellule. 
In Hoplophora pertusa I count only one basal area. 
In Darnis and Meinbracis there is no basal cellule. 
Except for specific purposes, the plan of wing-neuration breaks down. Even the 
species of a genus may here vary one with another. 
