28 
Beekeeping 
may be done by stimulating breeding, and since more space 
is then needed it can be supplied by giving two hive-bodies 
for the brood. Later, when brood is less to be desired, the 
breeding space may be reduced. 
Another type of frame is sometimes used and should 
perhaps be mentioned, although its use is decreasing. 
These frames have end-bars wide enough so that they 
touch each other and the bees cannot pass around the ends 
of frames. The chief advantage stated is greater warmth 
in winter. Some frames of this type are suspended from 
the top, others from the middle of the end-bar and some 
are supported from below. 
Frames of any description must be spaced so as to give 
room between the combs to allow brood to be reared in the 
cells and also to provide space enough for 
the bees between the combs. The spacing 
usually adopted is If inches from center 
to center but some beekeepers prefer \\ 
Fio. 22 .-Spacing inches. 1 The closed-end frames when 
of Hoffman frames, brought together are properly spaced. 
While the larger number of beekeepers do 
not use the closed-end type, various devices are in use for 
the spacing of open-end frames. The frame most commonly 
used has the end-bars wide enough for a short distance so 
that they touch at the top (Hoffman frames, Fig. 22). The 
metal-spaced frame is possibly an improvement. Some 
honey-producers object to spacing devices because they 
interfere in uncapping, and this objection is largely over¬ 
come by the use of staples in the side of the end-bar. 
To obtain regular cells in the comb, comb-foundation, a 
thin sheet of pure beeswax embossed to correspond with 
the bases of cells, is placed in the frames. On this as a guide, 
the bees build the side walls of the cells, utilizing to some 
extent the extra wax in the foundation. Foundation is 
made in various thicknesses, the thinnest being used for 
comb-honey, and in both worker and drone cell size. 
1 The English frames are 1^ inches from center to center. 
