112 
Beekeeping 
Schiemenz, 1 and after 
him by Cheshire, 2 to 
be the source of food 
given by the work¬ 
ers to the larvic of 
queens, drones and 
workers. It is 
claimed that the de¬ 
velopment of these 
glands is in propor¬ 
tion to the special¬ 
ization of the species 
in the feeding of the 
larvae; in bumble¬ 
bees (Bombus) they 
are as well developed 
as in the honeybee. 
They are decreas- 
ingly smaller in Psi- 
thyrus, Andrena and 
Anthophora. Since 
the feeding of some 
of these species is 
entirely unlike that 
of the honeybee, this 
evolution perhaps 
proves too much for 
this theory. 
Schonfeld, 3 on the 
contrary, holds that 
the larval food arises in the ventriculus and not in these 
Fig. 60. — Alimentary canal of worker, show¬ 
ing glands, pharynx (Phy), oesophagus ((E), 
honey-stomach (HS), proventriculus ( Pvent), 
ventriculus (Vent), intestine (Sint), rectal 
ampulla (Reel) and Malpighian tubules 
(Mai). 
1 Schiemenz, Paulus, 1883. Ueber des Herkommen des Futtersaftes 
und die Speicheldriiscn der Bienen, nebst eincm Anhangc fiber das Reichor- 
gan. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., XXXVIII, pp. 71-135. 
2 Cheshire, 1886. Bees and beekeeping. 2 vols., London: L. Upcott 
Gill. 
3 Schonfeld, 1886. Die physiologischc Bedeutung des Magenmundes 
der Honigbiene. Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol. Abth., pp. 451-458. 
