140 
Beekeeping 
Fig. 74. — Thorax of worker, showing 
propodium or first abdominal segment 
(IT). 
each side (pleural plates, 
PIS and plS). The 
tergum (dorsal plate) 
of the first abdominal 
segment (IT) is fixed 
to the metathorax. The 
posterior portion of this 
segment (propodium or 
median segment) forms 
the peduncle (Pd) to 
which the functional 
abdomen is attached. 
The legs and wings are 
discussed under organs 
of locomotion (p. 154). 
Abdomen. 
The abdomen of the female bees (queens and workers) 
appears to consist of six segments (Fig. 75) but to this 
number must be added the modified abdominal segment 
on the thorax (IT). In 
the drones, there are ad¬ 
ditional segments par¬ 
tially visible externally. 
Snodgrass has figured 
(Fig. 76) the tip of the 
abdomen of the worker, 
showing that the eighth 
abdominal segment is in- 
vaginated and the eighth 
abdominal spiracle opens 
within the invagination. 
Zander 1 further claims that the quadrate plate (Qd) is a 
part of the ninth tergum. The anal opening (An) is in a 
Fig. 75. — Lateral view of abdomen of 
worker. 
1 Zander, Enoch, 1899. Beitrage zur Morphologie des Stachelapparates 
der Hymenopteren. Zeit. fur wiss. Zoologie, LXVII, pp. 288-333. 
