176 
Beekeeping 
(4) The queen makes at least two sounds, “teeting” and 
“quahking.” (5) When a queen is “frightened” she emits 
a peculiar sound. This author concludes by claiming that 
the fact that bees do not respond to artificial sounds is no 
proof of a lack of hearing. 
It need scarcely be pointed out that these statements are 
not conclusive evidence of a sense of hearing in bees; in fact 
most of the phenomena observed are as readily interpreted as 
evidence of a sense of smell. In earlier chapters it is men¬ 
tioned that the phenomena in swarming and in the hiving 
of a swarm are most plausibly explained as brought about 
by reactions to odors, v. Buttel-Reepen’s statement that 
“only the dead bee is quiet” may be answered by the state¬ 
ment that a totally deaf man often makes more noise in 
walking and frequently by articulate sounds than does a 
man with acute hearing. To sum up, we are justified in 
concluding (1) that no organ or organs of hearing are recog¬ 
nized, (2) that the existence of a sense of hearing is doubtful, 
and (3) that the investigations so far carried out are incon¬ 
clusive. 
Temperature sense. 
In the discussion of the activities of bees in winter (p. 90), 
it is stated that at about 57° F. the bees form a cluster and, 
if the outer temperature drops below that point, they begin 
to generate heat. When no cluster is formed the bees are 
more active at temperatures above 69° F. than at tempera¬ 
tures below this. In a discussion of the temperature of the 
hive at other seasons (p. 60), it is shown that the tempera¬ 
ture of the hive while occupied by the bees rarely exceeds 
97° F. and that during brood-rearing the temperature of 
the brood chamber is quite constant. This brief summary 
of the facts of hive temperature indicates that in some manner 
bees perceive changes in temperature and it may almost be 
believed that they have a temperature sense superior to our 
own. The nerve endings or sense organs which function 
in this response to temperature stimuli are not determined 
