The Nervous System and the Senses 179 
sight is their guide, they must remember various objects 
over or about which they fly as they go out and must return 
by known paths. This is actually the case. If bees are 
accustomed to fly in only one direction to the forage and 
are carried off a short distance into unknown environment, 
they fail to return. It is evident that bees are guided back 
to their hives by a memory of the objects encountered, as 
perceived by sight. If a hive is moved, they then follow over 
the accustomed paths to the old location of the entrance, 
but having no experience over the road from the old location 
to the new one, they fail to make the trip unless they acciden¬ 
tally encounter the hive. No “unknown force” need be 
called in here to explain the phenomena. Evidently the play 
flights and the early trips to the field are the times during 
which bees acquire knowledge of their surroundings. If a 
colony is moved several miles, the bees must orient themselves 
anew, and in order that they may perceive the change and 
“recognize” the necessity for re-orientation, the beekeeper 
often places brush or grass about the entrance so that the 
change may be perceived when they first fly out. 
That sight is the important sense in the location of the hive 
is appreciated by beekeepers who have learned that irregu¬ 
larities in the rows of hives, landmarks of trees or shrubs 
in the apiary or differences in color of the hives are beneficial 
in enabling the bees to find their hives quickly. These cus¬ 
toms are well founded on the behavior of the bees. 
Memory. 
It would appear from the preceding discussion that bees 
are not entirely bundles of reflexes but that they actually 
have memory. The finding of the hive is good evidence of 
this fact and it is also asserted (v. Buttel-Reepen) that they 
remember the location of the feeder in the hive and that 
scouting bees remember the paths to the locations chosen 
by them. 
The best evidence of memory is found in the fact that 
memory is sometimes lost. If bees are stupefied by tobacco 
