94 
Beekeeping 
readily accessible to beekeepers, and writers of books on 
beekeeping have not given to this subject as careful consider¬ 
ation as to the anatomy of the adult bee. The changes 
taking place during metamorphosis (pupa stage) are so 
wonderfully complex that an account of the transformation 
of the larva into an adult bee is almost unbelievable. 1 Be¬ 
cause of the lack of attention given to the development of 
the bee in the literature on beekeeping, relatively more at¬ 
tention is here given it than to the anatomy of the adult bee. 
Cellular structure of tissues. 
To form a correct understanding of the development of 
the bee or of the structure of the adult, one must know some¬ 
thing of the units of which the tissues are formed, called 
cells. This word, as used by the biologist, has a special 
significance, being applied to a type of structure which makes 
up the tissues of all plants and animals. This unit of struc¬ 
ture is usually microscopic and a single organ of the bee 
may contain many thousands of them. The cell consists 
of a minute mass of protoplasm (living substance) contain¬ 
ing a nucleus 2 (Fig. 50). Protoplasm is a complex organic 
substance characterized by life; the nucleus is a differenti- 
dell Api nell’ uovo. Atti dell' Acad. Gioenia di seienze nat. in Catania, 
Ser. 3, XVIII, pp. 145-222. 
Dickel, O., 1904. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Studien am Bienenei. 
Leipzig: Engelmann. 
The work of Oarriirc u. Biirger (1898, Entwicklungsgesehiehte der 
Mauerbiene. Abhdl. der kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Deutsch. Akad. der Naturf., 
LXIX, 2) on the mason bee, Calicodoma, is of value in a study of this sub¬ 
ject. The recent work of Dr. Jas. A. Nelson of the Bureau of Entomology 
(1915, The embryology of the honeybee. Princeton University Press) 
is the most complete on this subject and is the most thorough work on the 
development of any insect. It is the only discussion of the embryology of 
the bee in English and should be consulted by any one interested in this 
phase of the life of the bee. The author is indebted to Doctor Nelson for 
help in the preparation of this section. 
■The metamorphosis of the bee is described in detail by Anglas, J., 
1900. Observations sur les metamorphoses internes de la gufepe et de 
l’abeille. Ill pp. Lille: Danel. 
2 This word, like ''cell,” is one of various meanings. It is used by the 
beekeeper to designate a small colony. 
