The Life Processes of the Individual 133 
data necessary to elucidate the joints discussed. This 
point of view is to be preferred as being of greater interest 
to persons who are not specialists in morphology and, after 
all is said, our chief interest in any animal lies in the fact 
that it lives and moves rather than that it has legs or a 
stomach of a certain structure and form. This view is 
emphasized by Snodgrass who also shows in numerous 
places our woeful lack of knowledge of the details of the 
physiology of the bee. Since anatomy is not treated fully in 
this book, the reader may find certain points not described 
sufficiently to meet his needs. In the illustrations used in 
this chapter, all of which are from Snodgrass, parts are 
shown which are not here described and symbols are used 
which are not explained. Partially to remedy these neces¬ 
sary shortcomings, the symbols used by Snodgrass are 
given in the Appendix (pp. 439-448). For fuller descrip¬ 
tions the reader is referred to his admirable bulletin. 
GENERAL PLAN OF THE BODY OF THE BEE 
The plan of organization of the bee is quite unlike that 
of the human body. The structure of the body as a whole 
and of the various organs is different from that with which 
we are most familiar and it is imperative that we avoid 
forming conclusions as to the functions of various organs 
from supposed homologies. First of all, there is no internal 
skeleton for the attachment of muscles and to serve as a 
support for the organs of the body, but the chitinous cover¬ 
ing serves as a skeleton. The body of the bee is divided 
into three portions, head, thorax and abdomen, the legs 
and wings being attached to the thorax. 
The three portions of the body differ greatly in function. 
The head is the seat of the brain and carries the two kinds 
of eyes (three simple eyes and two large compound eyes), 
and the antennae (feelers), which are covered with sense 
organs. It also carries the complex mouth parts. The 
thorax is chiefly concerned in locomotion, being almost 
