Chapter VII. 
containing the work done by the Italian expedition in different 
branches of natural science.* 
Like Stuhlmann and Scott Elliot, he absolutely excludes 
all possibility of a volcanic origin for the chain. There is 
SENECIO AND HELICHRYSUM IN THE UPPER BUTAGU VALLEY. 
only one circumscribed point of the whole region explored, 
namely, the rock wall which forms the shelter of Kichuchu, 
where a formation of a volcanic nature exists, consisting of 
veins of basalt enclosed in a wall of gneiss. 
The inclination of strata is often very marked, reaching at 
times an angle of over 60°, and is, as a rule, turned eastward 
* Appendix D contains a short resume by Dr. Eoccati of the geology of the 
range. 
