Formation and General Features of Ruwenzori. 
To-day the glaciers are of small extent and diminishing. 
This is proved at some points by the presence of moraines 
recently abandoned only a few hundred yards from the actual 
glacier snout, and from the freshness of the marks of polishing 
by ice on the rocks close to nearly all the glaciers. There 
are no glaciers of the first degree in the principal valleys, but 
only secondary glaciers in the upper part of the mountains 
and in the main gorges, not, however, in the nature of mere 
hanging glaciers, but true glaciers. Unlike our own Alps, 
there are no real basins, but merely a sort of glacier caps from 
which ice digitations flow down at divers points. In other 
words, we have on the higher groups of Ruwenzori glacier 
formations which remind us of the Scandinavian type and 
which have been called tropical glaciers. 
The Moore and Semper Glaciers flow further down than 
any—the former as low as 13,690 feet, and the latter as far 
as 14,000 feet. The largest glaciers are on the Stanley, Speke 
and Baker groups, and on the eastern sides of the Gessi group. 
The smaller ones are upon the Emin and the Luigi di Savoia 
groups, unless these latter have important glaciers to the north 
of the one and the south of the other where they were not 
explored by the expedition. 
A characteristic feature of the high ridges, and more 
especially of the snowy ridges around Alexandra and Margherita 
Peaks, are the enormous cornices, which from a distance 
appear to be inaccessible, and have a totally different appear¬ 
ance to those of the Alps and of the Caucasus. Rapid and 
frequent changes in temperature, falling from several degrees 
above to several degrees below the freezing point, create an 
incessant alternation of frost and thaw, and give rise to the 
formation of an immense number of stalactites under these 
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