888 
Wilson.—Plant Distribution in the 
number and are found at irregular intervals. In these coppices felling does 
not take place so regularly as in those on the formations already de¬ 
scribed. 
The majority of the standards are Quercus sessiliflora, Salisb., although 
Quercus pedunculata , Ehrh., is occasionally found. Pinus sylvestris , L., has 
been planted extensively, and in some cases this gives rise to small areas of 
high forest, although it is generally intermixed with the deciduous species. 
In these situations Pinus sylvestris fruits freely and seedlings are of frequent 
occurrence. The Birch ( Betula verrucosa , Ehrh.) is found in considerable 
quantity, although usually not so abundant as the Oak, while Beech, 
Castanea saliva, Mill., Pyrus Aria , Ehrh., and Pyrus Aucttparia , Ehrh., are 
usually present in small quantity. 
Pteris aquilina , L., occurs in great abundance and is the dominant 
plant on these stony soils, except in deeply shaded situations. This, with 
Calluna Erica , DC., and Teucrium Scorodonia , L., makes up the greater 
part of the undergrowth. A society of this kind may be referred to as 
a Xero-Pteridetum , a term introduced by Woodhead ( 17 ) to describe the 
xerophytic type of vegetation, in which Pteris aquilina is dominant, found 
on the shallow sandy soils in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield. Although 
many of the species found on the Oldhaven beds differ from those described 
by Woodhead on the Millstone Grit, the general character of the vegetation 
is similar in the two areas. 
The photograph shown in Plate LXVI gives a general view of the 
vegetation of the Oldhaven deposits. This photograph, taken in early spring, 
shows the dead stems and leaves of bracken in the foreground, the dark 
masses of Calluna in the middle distance, and Birch and Pinus in the 
background. On this soil Endymion nutans , Dum., Anemone nemorosa , L., 
and Primida acaulis , L., are almost absent. The abundance of Rumex 
Acetosella, L., demonstrates the acidity of the soil. The following plants 
are found in considerable quantity:— 
Stellaria graminea , L. 
Hypericum pulchrum , L. 
Potentilla silvestris, Neck. 
Solidago Virgaurea , L. 
Digitalis purpurea , L., and Verbascum Thapsus , L., occur sparingly. The 
Mosses found are of the xerophytic type ; of these, Polytrichumjuniperinum , 
Willd., and Dicranum scoparium , Hed., are the most widespread and 
cover large areas of the soil. Cladonia pyxidata (L.), E.Fr., is found in 
abundance amongst the Mosses, particularly in the vicinity of the groups of 
Calluna. 
Juncoides pilosa , O. Kuntze. 
Air a praecox , L. 
Air a flexuosa, L. 
