180 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
hat;” or “I want to put that hat on. ? ’ I may add that I think 
her attitude is not expressed by “See that hat” merely, for 
she is exceedingly dynamic with reference to it. She is not con¬ 
tent to look at it simply or to induce me to look at it; she must 
do something with it, and her modes of expression are calculated 
to affect me so that I will aid her in attaining her ends. It 
seems to me, again, she does not have the attitude indicated by 
“May I have the hat?” or “I wish I could have the hat,” for 
she does not yet recognize clearly any power or authority to 
which she must thus appeal in gaining her desires. She is not 
pleading; she is demanding or commanding. Her attitude is 
rightly expressed, I think, by the sentence, “I want that hat, 
and you take me over there to it.” But the special point I 
wish to impress is that her word ha denotes more than a mere 
substantitive relation with the object; it denotes, in a general 
way of course, all that can be indicated, though in a more par¬ 
ticular and definite manner, perhaps, by the grammatical ele¬ 
ments which in adult analy tic speech we designate as noun, verb, 
pronoun, adjective, and preposition. 
Sometimes the adult reverts to the infantile method of lingu¬ 
istic expression, and makes single words do for whole sentences. 
For instance, he says simply * ‘ hat ? ” to the waiter in the restau¬ 
rant, at the same time looking up at the object which hangs 
where he can not get it, and intoning in a characteristic manner. 
This single word, used in this special situation, and supple¬ 
mented by gesture and characteristic vocal modulation per¬ 
forms the offices of an entire sentence. The psychology of the 
process is clear enough; the waiter has learned from previous 
experience that such a tone of voice and such a pose 
always denotes a need, and the one word localizes the need, 
so to speak. The notion expressed in conventional language by 
“I want my” may be and in this instance is indicated plainly by 
characteristic motor attitudes; indeed these attitudes could in 
this case express the entire thought without the use of any word. 
If the situations we encountered in life were never more complex 
than in this instance, it seems hardly necessary to say that man 
would not have invented parts of speech. Primitive races, as 
