O'Shea—The Child's Linguistic Development. 195 
ing of the term in phylogenesis some such stages have been 
passed through, in growing from concrete and physical to more 
and more general and abstract reference, as the child passes 
through in his acquiring the ability to employ the term correctly 
and efficiently to connote moral quality. 
What has been said of the development of adjectival function 
applies practically without modification to the development of 
adverbial function. The only word needing to be added here 
is that the adverb appears considerably later than the adjective, 
and even when learned it is used much less frequently, as all 
vocabularies indicate. According to my observations, the term 
earliest used adverbially is one denoting place,— here 1 in ‘ 1 here I 
am.” There and where are used early also. Mrs. Moore 1 thinks 
these antedate ail parts of speech except interjections and nouns. 
But unless under exceptional conditions of training, it is prob¬ 
able that with the possible exception of “here,” “up,” “down,” 
“there,” and “when,” they appear later than the more con¬ 
crete adjectives relating to quality of food and prominent char¬ 
acteristics of dogs, playthings, 2 etc. As we might expect, ad¬ 
verbial function at the outset is confined to the immediate, con¬ 
crete, physical needs of the child, and relate to time and place 
principally. S., in his fifteenth month, being on the second floor 
and in his father’s arms, points to the stairs, at the same time 
urging his body in that direction, and says, “dow” (down). So 
he will point to objects and say “da” (there), “uh” (up), and 
“he” (here), “more,” “out,” “now,” “where,” “away,” and 
possibly two or three other adverbs are found in the vocabularies 
of children before the close of the second year, though they are 
not always used with precision, according to the traditional 
standards. 
5. PREPOSITIONAL AND CONJUNCTIONAL FUNCTION IN EARLY SPEECH. 
From what has been said in previous sections, it must be ap¬ 
parent that the part played by connective terms in adult speech 
is carried to a large extent by gesture in child linguistics. Of 
1 Op. cit., p. 129. 
2Cf., Hall, op. cit., pp. 604-606. 
