Philadelphia Meeting of Geological Society .— Upham. 99 
through the former divide and tapped off the headwaters of two branches 
of Schoharie creek, an affluent of the Mohawk river. These examples 
of stream robbing are particularly fine, and are instructively portrayed 
on the Kaaterskill topographic sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey. 
The streams which have done the robbing had the advantage of very 
steep declivity, which, with the alternation of hard and soft nearly 
horizontal beds, enabled them to cut deep gorges rapidly, thus overtak¬ 
ing the Schoharie waters, which flow in a valley of considerable eleva¬ 
tion but of very slight declivity. Kaaterskill creek, which has been the 
more energetic one of the robbers, has cut away a portion of the side of 
one of these elevated valleys along a distance of a mile, and is rapidly 
increasing its domain. The gorges head in high waterfalls, strikingly 
attesting the fast rate of the erosion: and the newness of the gorges be¬ 
low is everywhere apparent. 
Proofs of the Rising of the Land around Hudson Bay. Robert Bell, 
Ottawa, Canada. The speaker cited well preserved sea margins and 
gravel terraces, especially on the eastern coast; lines of driftwood above 
the highest tides; debris along old shore lines in the woods on the west 
side at a distance from the highest tides; islands near shore becoming- 
peninsulas within the human period; drying of salt water marshes; the 
character of the lower parts of streams showing recession of the sea; 
shoaling of mouths of rivers, and formation of new islands and bars in 
historic times; other historic evidence; successive growth of marsh 
plants, bushes, poplars, spruces, etc., as the land rises: beach dwellings 
and other shore works of the Eskimos now elevated to considerable 
hights: fresh character of fossil shells, etc., in clays and sands; deep 
water deposits elevated above the sea level at comparatively recent pe¬ 
riods; similar phenomena on the eastern coast of the Labrador penin¬ 
sula; bones of whales, etc., on elevated ground in Hudson strait; raised 
terraces and Reaches in the northwestern part of Hudson bay; and the 
general shoaling of the water, extension of shores, and enlargement of 
islands. The recent rise of many x>ortions of the basin of Hudson bay 
appears to have taken place at the rate of five feet or more in a century. 
Movements of Rocks under Deformation. C. R. Van Hise, Madison, 
Wis. This paper, discussing the behavior of rocks when subjected to 
deforming stresses, is the first in a series of four articles which the au¬ 
thor will publish in early issues of the Journal of Geology. The later 
articles will treat of rock folds, cleavage and fissility. and joints and 
faults. 
Three zones are shown to exist in the earth’s crust: (1) an outer zone 
of fracture during rock movements: (2) an inner one of mixed fracture 
and flowage; and (3) an inmost one of flowage. The effects of pressure 
on rocks were analyzed. Quick application of pressure may fracture, 
where if applied slowly it would cause flowage. The possible depth at 
which cavities may exist exceeds its estimate by Heim (5,000 m.). Math¬ 
ematical deductions by Prof. Hoskins, of Stanford University, made for 
this paper, show that, if the walls of a cavity are subjected to three 
