Discovery of a Sessile Conularia .— Ruedemann. 1(51 
As the original of plate IX, figure 5, shows at the upper 
groove, and as has been observed in other species, the surface 
film extended—here with its wavy transverse wrinkles—over 
the groove, covering and closing it (pi. IX, fig. 2, a). Where 
the outer layer is lost, but the underlying parts are fully pre¬ 
served, there appears next below a thin smooth layer (b) with 
indications of transverse lines of fracture; this layer in its 
turn covers a milky white laminated substance (phosphate of 
lime). The latter (c) fills the groove and contrasts strongly 
with the black shining walls (d). Often, however, this sub¬ 
stance is lost, leaving the groove empty or giving place to a 
filling by iron oxides. The side walls of the empty groove 
show mostly very marked transverse fractures with upturned 
margins. The groove seen from the inside (pi. IX, fig. 3) has 
a roof-like form with strongly slanting sides, which are either 
smooth or exhibit the same transverse joints as seen from the 
outside. Sometimes oblique pressure caused these joints to be 
pushed over each other. Where the top is broken off the 
white phosphate of lime appears again. 
From these observations it may be stated that the edges of 
the pyramid of Conularia gracilis Hall formed a kind of sup¬ 
porting framework for the faces; that the grooves, therefore, 
had strong walls which were continuous with the second 
mineral layer; that the grooves were filled with phosphate of 
lime and covered by the sculptured outer layer with an under¬ 
lying thin film similar in appearance to the second layer. 
The groove, therefore, appears to be altogether an expansion 
of the second layer of the wall. A diagrammatic section of 
the groove at the angle of C. gracilis is given in plate IX, 
figure 4. 
The reasons which the writer has for regarding the cunei¬ 
form appendages of C. gracilis , and the bodies attached to 
Trochonema , etc., as remains of young individuals of C. 
gracilis are as follows: 
1. Wherever an appendage is preserved completely it shows 
four divergent grooves, such as would form the edges of a 
pyramid, with about the same angle as the older shells of C. 
gracilis (pi. VIII, figs. 2-3, pi. IX, fig. 1). Some apparently 
show only three grooves, but investigation will generally 
bring out the fact that the fourth is divergent from the plane 
