WATER SUPPLY OF WEST FLORIDA. 
93 
bers of the soils of this series grade from light sandy top soils to 
ochre yellow clay sub-soils. The largest continuous area of Nor¬ 
folk soils in Escambia County lies immediately north of Pensacola, 
and extends a distance of about ten miles from the Gulf. This 
section is level or gently rolling, although from its elevation of from 
50 to 100 feet above sea it is well drained. The drainage, however, 
is not by surface streams, of which there are very few and these 
quite immature, but by seepage, the rain water passing through 
the top soil and into the underlying sandy clays. The rain water 
in passing through the soils has removed the clay particles to a 
lower depth, *and has dissolved and removed the iron stain from the 
sands. In this way there has been formed over this area a light 
colored sandy soil. The timber growth is chiefly long leaf pine, 
which when cut down is replaced by scrubby oaks. 
The remainder of the county lying to the north of this section 
and including the greater part of the county, has much more diver¬ 
sified soils. The Norfolk sandy soils are present locally, although 
types of the Norfolk having a clay sub-soil predominate. This is 
the part of the county in which the surface drainage system is well 
developed, and the country rolling. There are found also soils of 
the Orangeburg series. This series differs from the Norfolk series 
chiefly in that the sub-soil is red instead of yellow. The Orange¬ 
burg soils are found locally over all this northern section of the 
county. These soils support an excellent growth of long leaf pine, 
and lumbering has been the chief industry in the past with* but 
little attention being paid to the agricultural possibilities. Most 
of these soils are naturally productive and are well adapted to 
general farming. 
Tree swamps, as previously stated, border the streams the 
broadest swamp being that which borders the Escambia River. 
Coastal beach and wind blown sands occur bordering the coast. 
ELEVATIONS. 
Commencing with sea level at Pensacola the surface elevation 
rises gradually until at Cantonment, a station on the branch of 
*The formation of residual sands is more fully discussed in the preced¬ 
ing paper on soils, pages 19 to 27. To the citations on page 22 of that paper 
should be added Bulletin 26, Georgia Geol. Surv., preliminary report on the 
Geology of the Coastal Plains of Georgia by Otto Veatch and L. W. Stephen¬ 
son. This report, by Veatch and Stephenson, although printed in 1911, was 
not received until February, 1912, and after the paper on soils had been 
printed. A mineralogical examination of a sample of sandy sub-soil from 
Escambia County is given in Bull. 79, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, p. 26, 1911. 
The minerals recognized include, quartz, rutile, zircon, orthoclase, and 
traces of tourmaline. 
