I ] IDEAS OP THE NORTH IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 53 
Swedish bishop Olaus Magnus/ which for the first time gave 
to Scandinavia an approximately correct boundary towards the 
north. Six hundred years/ in any case, had run their course 
before Othere found a successor in Sir Hugh Willoughby ; and it 
is usual to pass by the former, and to ascribe to the latter the 
honour of being the first in that long succession of men who 
endeavoured to force, a passage by the north-east from the 
Atlantic Ocean to China. 
Here however it ought to be remarked that while such maps 
as those of Ziegler were published in western Europe, other and 
better knowledge of the regions in question prevailed in the north. 
For it may be considered certain that Norwegians, Kussians 
and Karelians often travelled in boats on peaceful or warlike 
errands, during the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth 
century, from the west coast of Norway to the White Sea, and 
in the opposite direction, although we find nothing on record 
regarding such journeys except the account that SlGlSMUls^D VON 
^ Olaus Magnus, A wid Yerlderung der neuen Mafpen von den 
alien Goettenreichy Venedig, 1639. Now perfiaps (according to a communi¬ 
cation from the Librarian-in-chief, G. E. Rlemming) there is scarcely any 
copy of this edition of the map still in existence, but it is given unaltered 
in the 1567 Basel edition of Olaps Magnus, “ De gefitium septentrionaliuni 
variis conditionibusY &c. The edition of the same work printed at Rome 
in 1555, on the other hand, has a map, which differs a little from the 
original map of 1539. 
^ To interpret Nicolo and Antonio Zeno’s travels towards the end of the 
fourteenth century, which have given rise to so much discussion, as Mr. Fr. 
Krarup has done, in such a way as if they, had visited the shores of the 
Arctic Ocean and the White Sea, appears to me to be a very unfortunate 
guess, opposed to innumerable particulars in the narrative of the Zenos, 
and to the accompanying map, remarkable in more respects than one, 
which was first published at Venice in 1558, unfortunately in a somewhat 
“improved” form by one of Zeno’s descendants. On the map there is 
the date MCCCLXXX. (Cf. Zeniernes Reise til Norden, et Tolknings Forsdg, 
af Fr. Krarup, Kjobenhavn, 1878 ; R. H. Major, The Voyages of the Venetian 
Brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno,London, 1873, and other works concerning 
these much-bewritten travels). 
