434 
THE VOYAGE OF THE VEOA 
[chap. 
The villages of the Chukches commonly stand on the bank of 
sand which separates the lagoon from the sea. The dwellings 
consist of roomy skin tents, which enclose a sleeping chamber of 
the form of a parallelopiped surrounded by warm well-prepared 
reindeer skins, and lighted and warmed by one or more train-oil 
lamps. It is here that the family sleep during summer, and 
here most of them live day and night during winter. In sum¬ 
mer, less frequently in winter, a fire is lighted besides in the 
CHUKCH TENT. 
(After a photograph by L. Palander.) 
out6r tent with wood, for which purpose a hole is opened in the 
top of the raised tent-roof. But to be compelled to use wood 
for heating the inner tent the Chukches consider the extremity 
of scarcity of fuel. 
We were received everywhere in a very friendly way, and were 
offered whatever the house afforded. At the time the supply 
of food was abundant. In one tent reindeer beef was being 
boiled in a large cast-iron pot. At another two recently shot 
