CHAPTEK V. 
The history of the North-east Passage from 1556 to 1878—Burrough, 1556 
—Pet and Jackman, 1580—The first voyage of the Dutch, 1594—Oliver 
Brunei—The second voyage, 1595—The third voyage, 1596—Hudson, 
1608—Gourdon, 1611—Bosman, 1625 — De la Martiniere, 1653— 
Vlamingh, 1664—Snobberger, 1675—Eoule reaches a land north of 
Novaya Zemlya—Wood and Flawes, 1676 —Discussion in England con¬ 
cerning the state of the ice in the Polar Sea—Views of the condition of 
the Polar Sea still divided—Payer and Weyprecht, 1872-74. 
The sea which washes the north coast of European Russia 
is named by King Alfred (Orosius, Book I. Chaps, i. ii.) the 
Quaen Sea (in Anglo-Saxon Cwen Sae)^ a distinctive name, 
which unquestionably has the priority, and well deserves to be 
retained. To the inhabitants of Western Europe the islands, 
Novaya Zemlya and Yaygats, first became known through 
Stephen Burrough’s voyage of discovery in 1556. Burrough 
therefore is often called the discoverer of Novaya Zemlya, but 
incorrectly. For when he came thither he found Russian 
vessels, manned by hunters well acquainted with the navigable 
waters and the land. It is clear from this that Novaya Zemlya 
had then already been known to the inhabitants of Northern 
Russia for such a length of time that a very actively prosecuted 
hunting could arise there. It is even probable that in the 
same way as the northernmost part of Norway was already 
^ In Bosworth’s translation this name is replaced by White Sea, an un¬ 
necessary modernising of the name, and incorrect besides, as the White 
Sea is only a bay of the ocean which bounds Europe on the north. 
