HUDSONS VOYAGE TO NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 
255 
V-] 
During Barents’ third voyage Bear Island and Spitzbergen 
were discovered, and the natural conditions of the high northern 
regions during winter first became known. On the other 
hand, the unfortunate issue of the maritime expeditions sent 
out from Holland appears to have completely deterred from 
further attempts to find a north-eastern commercial route to 
China and Japan, and this route was also now less necessary, 
as Houtman returned with the first Dutch fleet from the East 
Indies the same year that Barents’ companions came back from 
their wintering. The problem was therefore seriously taken up 
anew for the first time during the present century; though 
during the intervening period attempts to solve it were not 
wholly wanting. 
For the desire to extend the White Sea trade to Siberia, 
and jealousy of the companies that had known how to procure 
for themselves a monopoly of the lucrative commerce with 
eastern Asia, still led various merchants now and then during 
the seventeenth century to send out vessels to try whether it 
was possible to penetrate beyond Novaya Zemlya. I shall 
confine myself here to an enumeration of the most important 
of these undertakings, with the necessary bibliographical 
references. 
1608. Henky Hudson, during his second voyage, landed on 
Novaya Zemlya at Karmakul Bay and other places, but did not 
succeed in his attempt to sail further to the east, north of this 
island. He made the voyage on account of English merchants. 
A narrative of it is to be found in Pttrchas (iii. p. 574), and an 
excellent critical collection of all the original documents 
relating to Hudson’s life and voyages in G. M. Asher’s 
Henry Hudson the Navigator, London, 1860 (Works issued by 
the Hakluyt Society, No. 26). It was west of the Atlantic 
that Hudson earned the laurels which gave him for all time so 
prominent a place in the history of navigation, and the sea 
there also became his grave. Eastwards he did not penetrate 
