CHAPTER VJ. 
The North-east Voyages of the Russians and Norwegians—Rodivan 
Ivanov, 1690—The great Northern Expedition, 1734-37—The sup¬ 
posed richness in metals of Novaya Zemlya—Juschkov, 1757—Savva 
Loschkin, 1760—Rossmiiislov, 1768—Lasarev, 1819—Liitke, 1821-24— 
Ivanov, 1822-28—Pachtussov, 1832-35— Von Baer, 1837—Zivolka and 
Moissejev, 1838-39—V3n Krusenstern, 1860-62—The Origin and His¬ 
tory of the Polar Sea Hunting—Carlsen, 1868—Ed. Johannesen, 1869- 
70—Ulve, Mack, and Quale, 1870—Mack, 1871—Discovery of the 
Relics of Barents’ wintering—Tobiesen’s wintering, 1872-73—The 
Swedish Expeditions, 1875 and 1876—Wiggins, 1876—Later Voyages 
to and from the Yenisej. 
From what I have stated above it follows that the coast 
population of North Russia carried on an active navigation on 
the Polar Sea long before the English and the Dutch, and that 
commercial expeditions were often undertaken from the W^hite 
Sea and the Petchora to the Ob and the Yenisej, sometimes 
wholly by sea round Yalmal, but most frequently partly by sea and 
partly by land transport over that peninsula. In the latter case 
the Russians went to work in the following way ; they first sailed 
through Yugor Straits, and over the southern part of the Kara 
Sea to the mouth of the Mutnaja, a river debouching on Yalmal; 
they then rowed or towed the boats up the river and over two 
lakes to a ridge about 350 metres broad, which forms the 
watershed on Yalmal between the rivers running west and those 
running east; over this ridge the boats and the goods were 
