284 
THE VOYAGE OF THE VEGA. 
[CHAr. 
two occasions + 18° was observed in the shade; in August there 
were only three hours of frost. All this depends of course on 
the neighbourhood of warm marine currents and of a sea open 
all the year round at a short distance from the coast. 
With this unfortunate and to all appearance ill-arranged 
expedition the Russian Novaya Zemlya voyages ceased for a 
long time. For before the beginning of the Norwegian hunting 
AUGUST KARLOVITZ ZIVOLKA. 
Born in 1810 at Warsaw ; died in 1839 on Novaya Zemlya. 
(After a pen-and-ink drawing communicated by Herr Paul Daschkoff.) 
we have only two other Russian voyages to notice in our sketch 
of the history of the North East passage. 
The first of these owed its origin to the desire of the captain 
of a Russian man-of-war, Paul yon Krusensteen, to under¬ 
take a voyage in the Polar Sea in a schooner, the Yermak, 
which belonged to him and which was for the time lying at the 
Petchora, in order to survey the coasts lying to the eastward. 
He intended himself to undertake the command, and to take 
