208 
THE VOYAGE OF THE VEGA, 
[chap. 
it was evident that whole herds of graminivora had lived there 
in former times. Mammoth bones were also found everywhere 
on the island, whence Sannikov drew the conclusions, that all 
these animals had lived at the same time, and that since then the 
climate had considerably deteriorated. These suppositions he 
FERDINAND VON WRANGEL. 
Born in 1796 at Pskov, died in 1870 at Dori'ai. 
considered to be further confirmed by the fact that large, 
partially petrified tree-stems were found scattered about on the 
island in still greater numbers than on Novaya Sibir.^ Besides 
1 A very remarkable geological fact is the number of tree-stems in all 
stages of decay and petrifaction, which are embedded in the rocks and 
