152 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 
the third singular in -xe(v). In this step it has, of course, simply adopted 
the regular perfect inflection as already existing in the language and ex¬ 
hibited in such words as -itEcpEvya, i'ppooya, etc. The -not inflec¬ 
tion, however, has not yet strayed beyond the limits of the singular. The 
dual and plural show no traces yet of the -xa, as seen in such words as 
yeyjjxa, 
pi. 
yeyajuEv 
(iejdpxa, 
pi. 
(defiapEv 
TErXr/xa, 
pi. 
t£tX a/iEv 
r£$r?/xa, 
pi. 
rdAvajUEv 
Edr?/xa, 
pi. 
Edrajusv 
d£-da)-xa, 
pi. 
lxtco- 8E-86-avSi Cauer 2 
This second stage is characterized further by the formation of new -xa- 
perfects, but only from long vowel stems; and these new formations have, 
like their models, the -xa- inflection only in the singular. This is about the 
stage represented in the Homeric epics. For out of the hundreds of instances 
of the -xa- perfect in Homer, all formed from long vowel stems, we have 
•only five instances of a plural -xa- perfect, viz: 
kdrpxadiv A 434 
xararE'Avpxadiv 0 664 
TtEpvxadir ?/ 114 
TE^apdpxadiv 1 420,687 
'3. The -xa- inflection extends itself throughout the entire indicative, 
and also throughout the rest of the perfect system, i. e., the subjunctive, 
optative, infinitive and participle. This stage is represented in general by 
the post-Homeric Greek, though an incipient tendency of the - xa - forms to 
oxtend themselves is seen in Homer, in the sporadic occurrence of a few 
plural indicatives and a few perfect participles. 
With this the development of the -xa- perfect may be considered complete. 
•Some interesting changes in the Ablaut occurred, which may be left 
anmentioned. 
Osthoff finds in certain Sanskrit forms what he considers a powerful 
support of his theory of the Greek -xa- perfect. These forms are the Sans¬ 
krit perfects: 
daddu , dadhau, papau, tasthau. 
Osthoff thinks that here we have original perfect forms with the added 
particle -u. 
da-dau is therefore simply da dd-u, etc., this u being the same particle 
that we have already noticed as occurring in the Gothic nimadau, nim - 
aidau. 
Any one familiar with the Sanskrit sandhi-rules will see at once an ob¬ 
jection to this theory, since pa-pd-u, da-dd-u, etc., ought, according to the 
laws of Sanskrit phonology, to give not pa-pdu , daddu but papo da-do. 
