200 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences , Arts and Letters . 
A 
miles of the boundary, but are more numerous and larger on the north 
slope of the portion of the range which bends to the west, and especially 
on a spur or branch of the main range nearly parallel with this same por¬ 
tion of it and some miles farther south. Judging from what I saw I pre¬ 
sume there are twenty or thirty glaciers in this region. Several termina¬ 
ted at the crest of high precipices with falls varying from 500 to 2,500 
feet. The thunderous roar produced by these ice falls is unlike any other 
sound I have ever heard. The nearest approach to it is that of distant 
thunder. In each of the cases of this kind observed save one the ice did 
not again accumulate at the foot of the fall, but melted as soon as it 
reached the lower level. In the single exception noted the fall was 
probably not over 500 feet and the direct rays of the sun did not fall 
upon the ice, wdiich accumulated and moved on down the lower slope 
pushing its moraine ahead of it. One fair sized glacier on Quartz Creek 
extends down into the bed of a little lake which it supplies. Most of 
the glaciers were wider than long, their length being apparently deter¬ 
mined by the shadow of the parent mountain. 
The Mt. Dana glacier, described and illustrated by Mr. Russell * is a 
good type of the average glacier in this region. One somewhat larger 
than that glacier was made the object of our only side trip for any such 
purpose. It lies in a small amphitheatre at the head waters of the East 
Kootanie near the 114th meridian, about fifteen miles from the bound¬ 
ary. Its width is about two miles and its length one and a half. 
Although it is on the northeast side of the mountains a large part of its 
surface is exposed to the sun’s rays fully two-thirds of the day. Its sur¬ 
face is remarkably smooth and free from crevasses. Its front is oval, 
like an inverted wash-bowl, and it is so steep that it can be ascended at 
only one or two points. The thickness of the ice a few hundred feet 
from the edge was estimated at from 250 to 500 feet. On gaining the 
summit of the glacier it was found to stretch away smooth and nearly 
level to the adjoining mountain. Patches of morainic supplies and 
scattered bowlders were seen here and there on the front half. There 
was no dust upon the surface, nor were there any dirt bands in the ice. 
The terminal moraine of this glacier is quite imposing. Approaching 
its highest part from without, one must climb 100 feet to reach the sum¬ 
mit; from there down to the edge of the ice, forty feet at the time of my 
visit. This was not, however, the bottom of the moraine. It varies at 
other points down to perhaps fifteen feet in height. Its length is fully 
two and one-half miles, and it varies in width from 150 to 400 feet. It is 
composed wholly of somewhat subangular stones, varying in size from 
tiny bits up to huge blocks weighing forty or fifty tons. Six parallel 
ridges of rock-fragments on the inner slope of the central portion of the 
moraine indicated as many successive advances and retreats of the ice. 
*5th Annual Report U. S. Geol. Survey. 
